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challenge is to get industry, government and users to implement and promote use of standards many standards are set simply through common use, major attempts to develop national and international standards
portability of applications
data networks common environments cost of program development
STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS
Getting the Map into the Computer Objectives Maps and their attributes find their way into GIS from existing data sources, from converting paper maps or images into digits, and from field measurement. How data capture takes place has a major impact on data structure, and therefore use of the data in the GIS
TYPES OF STANDARDS
networking standards critical to allow communications between remote computers database query standards SQL is emerging as the standard
data exchange standards governments/private companies recognize need to exchange data between different agencies/groups
most widely used format for exchange of digital cartographic data in vector format
used primarily for coordinate information, though it does support alphanumeric attributes
DLG Roads
allows both coordinate and attribute GBF/DIME Geographic Base File/Dual data
pre-census geographic and cartographic functions in preparation for the 1990 Census assist in the analysis of the data as well as to produce new cartographic products
to
popular exchange format for many GIS packages to transfer with CAD specially formatted text file that can be viewed and modified with any text editor organized intdifferent sections header, tableo, block, etc.
IMPLEMENTING STANDARDS
Start-up Costs
Management Support
needs to recognize the positive impacts of standards on productivity and system costs (plus commitment of short-term costs)
IMPLEMENTING STANDARDS
Technical Tradeoffs
tradeoffs between functionality and performance standards provide for broad functionality
adopting standard operating system provides access to large library of existing applications
some de facto standards are neither efficient nor the best available
IMPLEMENTING STANDARDS
wide availability of common operating systems allow for misuse and exploitation
Innovation
STANDARDS
missing standard of data models that would provide standard ways of representing geographic phenomena
should there be standard resolutions for DEM? should there be standards of vertical accuracy?
STANDARDS
data may be written into standard format for transfer, but it may still be virtually meaningless without extensive documentation
standards would provide GIS user with expectations about the reliability of the database as a window on the world