16.

711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers

Last lecture
Geometric optic view of waveguide, numeric aperture
Symmetric planar dielectric Slab waveguide
Modal and waveguide dispersion in palnar waveguide
Rectangular waveguide, effective index method
16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers
Today
Fiber modes
Fiber Losses
Dispersion in single-mode fibers
Dispersion induced limitations
Dispersion management
The Graded index fibers
16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers
Fiber modes --- single mode and multi-mode fibers
V-number
,
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
n n
n n
b
eff

= , ) / 996 . 0 1428 . 1 (
2
V b ~
, ) (
2
2 / 1 2
2
2
1
n n
a
V =

t
, 41 . 2 ) (
2
2 / 1 2
2
2
1
= = n n
a
V
c
cutoff

t
Number of modes when V>>2.41
,
2
2
V
M ~
Normalized propagation constant
for V between 1.5 2.5.
Mode field diameter (MFD)
),
1
1 ( 2 2
V
a w + ~
16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers
Examples --- single mode and multi-mode fibers
1. Calculate the number of allowed modes in a multimode step index fiber, a = 100 m, core
index of 1.468 and a cladding index of 1.447 at the wavelength of 850nm.
, 44 . 91 ) (
2
2 / 1 2
2
2
1
= = n n
a
V

t
, 4181
2
2
= ~
V
M
Solution:
a < 2.1m
2. What should be the core radius of a single mode fiber that has the core index of 1.468 and the
cladding index of 1.447 at the wavelength of 1.3m.
, 4 . 2 ) (
2
2 / 1 2
2
2
1
< = n n
a
V

t
Solution:
3. Calculate the mode field diameter of a single mode fiber that has the core index of 1.458 and
the cladding index of 1.452 at the wavelength of 1.3m.
, 1 . 10 ) / 1 1 ( 2 2
0
m V a w ~ + =
Solution:
16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers
Fiber loss
Material absorption
silica electron resonance <0.4m
OH vibrational resonance ~ 2.73 m
Harmonic and combination tones ~1.39 m
1.24 m, 0.95 m
Rayleigh scattering
Local microscopic fluctuations in density
,
4

o
C
= C~ 0.8dB/km m4
0.14dB loss @ 1.55m
Bending loss and Bending radius
), / exp(
c
R R
,
3
2
2
1
n n
a
R
c

=
16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers
Dispersions in single mode fiber
Material dispersion
, |
0
e
|
e
d
d
v
g
= ,
g
g
v
L
= t
, ) ( ) (
2
2

e
|
t
A = A =
A
d
n d
c d
d
L
g
), (
2
2

d
n d
c
D
m
= , t A = A L D
m g
Example --- material dispersion
Calculate the material dispersion effect for LED with line width of 100nm and a laser with a
line width of 2nm for a fiber with dispersion coefficient of Dm = 22pskm-1nm-1 at 1310nm.
, 2 . 2 ns L D
m
= A = A t
Solution:
, 44 ps L D
m
= A = A t
for the LED
for the Laser
16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers
Dispersions in single mode fiber
Waveguide dispersion
, |
0
e
|
e
d
d
v
g
= ,
g
g
v
L
= t
,
2 ) 2 (
984 . 1
) (
2
2
2
2
cn a
N
d
d
L
g g
t e
|
t
~ A =
A
, t A = A L D
m g
Example --- waveguide dispersion
n2 = 1.48, and delta n = 0.2 percent. Calculate Dw at 1310nm.
Solution:
,
) ( ) (
) (
2
2
2 1 2
dV
Vb d
V
c
n n n
d
d
L
g

e
|
t
A
= A =
A
,
) ( ) (
2
2
2 1 2
dV
Vb d
V
c
n n n
D
w

=
, ) / 996 . 0 1428 . 1 (
2
V b ~
for V between 1.5 2.5.
, 26 . 0
) (
2
2
=
dV
Vb d
V
), /( 9 . 1
) ( ) (
2
2
2 1 2
km nm ps
dV
Vb d
V
c
n n n
D
w
=

16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers

chromatic dispersion (material plus waveduide dispersion)
, ) (
t
A + =
A
w m
g
D D
L
material dispersion is determined by
the material composition of a fiber.
waveguide dispersion is determined
by the waveguide index profile of a
fiber
16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers
Polarization mode dispersion
,
t
A =
A
p
g
D
L
fiber is not perfectly symmetric,
inhomogeneous.
refractive index is not isotropic.
dispersion flattened fibers:
Use waveguide geometry and
index profiles to compensate
the material dispersion
16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers
Dispersion induced limitations
,
2
1
2 / 1
t A
~ B
For RZ bit With no intersymbol interference
,
1
2 / 1
t A
~ B
For NRZ bit With no intersymbol interference
16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers
Dispersion induced limitations
,
2
1
2 / 1
t A
~ B
Optical and Electrical Bandwidth
, 7 . 0
3
B f
dB
~
Bandwidth length product
,
25 . 0
A
~
D
BL
16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers
Dispersion induced limitations
, 16 /
1
2 / 1

= A = A pskm D L t
, 8 . 2 7 . 0
3
GHz B f
dB
= ~
, 9 . 36
25 . 0
1
km Gbs
D
BL

=
A
~

Example --- bit rate and bandwidth

Calculate the bandwidth and length product for an optical fiber with chromatic dispersion
coefficient 8pskm-1nm-1 and optical bandwidth for 10km of this kind of fiber and linewidth of
2nm.
Solution:
Fiber limiting factor absorption or dispersion?
, 5 . 2 10 25 . 0 dB km dB Loss = ~
16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers
Dispersion Management
], ) (
2
1
exp[ ) , 0 (
2
0
0
T
t
A t A =
),
2
exp( ) 2 ( ) , 0 (
~
2
0
2
2 / 1 2
0 0
T
T A A
e
t e =
,
1
0
0
T
= Ae
Pre compensation schemes
1. Prechirp
Gaussian Pulse:
..., |
2
1
) ( | ) (
0 0 0 2
2
0 e e e
e
e e
e
e
d
k d
d
dk
k k + + =
..., ) (
2
1
... | ) ( |
) (
) (
2
2 1 0
2
2
0 0
0 0
+ A + A + = + + = = e | e | |
e
|
e e
e
|
|
e
e |
e e
d
d
d
d
c
k
),
2
exp( ) , 0 (
~
) , (
~
2
e | e e A = z
i
A z A
],
) ( 2
1
exp[
) (
)
2
exp( ) , 0 (
~
2
1
) , (
2
0
0
2 0
z Q T
z Q
A
d z
i
A t z A = A A =
}
+

e e | e
t
, 1 ) (
2
0
2
T
z i
z Q
|
= , ] ) ( 1 [ ) (
0
2 / 1 2
2
0
2
T
T
z
z T
|
+ =
16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers
Dispersion Management
], ) (
2
) 1 (
exp[ ) , 0 (
2
0
0
T
t iC
A t A
+
=
),
) 1 ( 2
exp( )
1
2
( ) , 0 (
~
2
0
2
2 / 1
2
0
0
iC
T
iC
T
A A
+

+
=
e t
e
Pre compensation schemes
1. Prechirp
Prechirped Gaussian Pulse:
],
) 1 ( ) 1 ( 2
exp[ )
1
2
( )
2
exp( ) , 0 (
~
) , (
~
2
2
2
0 2
2
2
0
2
2 / 1
2
0
0
2
2
C
iCT
C
T
iC
T
A z
i
A z A
+
+
A +
+

+
= A =
|
e
e t
e | e e
],
) ( 2
1
exp[
) (
)
2
exp( ) , 0 (
~
2
1
) , (
2
0
0
2 0
z Q T
z Q
A
d z
i
A t z A = A A =
}
+

e e | e
t
,
) (
1 ) (
2
0
2
T
z i C
z Q
|
= , ] ) ( ) 1 [( ) (
0
2 / 1 2
2
0
2
2
2
0
2
T
T
z
T
z C
z T
| |
+ + =
,
1
) 1 (
0
2 / 1 2
0
T
C + = Ae
16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers
Dispersion Management
1. Prechirp
With T1/T0 = sqrt(2), the transmission distance is:
,
1
2 1
2
2
D
L
C
C C
L
+
+ +
=
, /
2
2
0
| T L
D
=
16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers
Dispersion Management
Examples:
), ( 10 5
2
1
11
s
B
T
FWHM

= ~
1. Whats the dispersion limited transmission distance for a 1.55m light wave system making
use of direct modulation at 10Gb/s? D = 17ps(km-nm). Assume that frequency chirping
broadens the guassian-shape by a factor of 6 from its transform limited width.
Solution:
, 10 3 66 . 1 /
11
0
s T T
FWHM

= =
,
1
) 1 (
0
2 / 1 2
0
T
C + = Ae , 9 . 5 = C
, ] ) ( ) 1 [( ) (
0 0
2 / 1 2
2
0
2
2
2
0
2
T T
T
z
T
z C
z T = + + =
| |
,
2
2
2
|

tc
D =
, / 24
2
2
km ps = |
, 12km z ~
16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers
Dispersion compensation fiber or dispersion shifted fiber
Why dispersion compensation fiber:
0
2 2 1 1
= + L D L D
for long haul fiber optic communication.
Alloptical solution
Approaches
), (
2
2

d
n d
c
D
m
=
longer wavelength has
a larger index.
make the waveguide
weakly guided so that
longer wavelength has a
lower index.
16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers
The Graded index fibers
0
2 2 1 1
= + L D L D
Approaches

> = A
< A
=
, ; ) 1 ( 1
, ]; ) / ( 1 [
) (
2
1
a n n
a a n
n

o
General case Intermode dispersion
,
1
2
2

d
dn
n dz
d
=
), sin( ' ) cos(
0 0
pz pz + =
, ) / 2 (
2 / 1 2
a p A = , / 2 p z t = A
,
3 20
2
1
A ~
c
n
L o
Only valid for paraxial approximation
Calculate the BL product of a grade index filber of 50m core with refractive index of n1 =
1.480 and n2 = 1.460. At 1.3 m.
, 6 . 9
25 . 0
1
km Gbs
L
BL

= =
o
Solution:
, 026 . 0
3 20
2
1
ns
c
n
L = A ~ o