GEOMETRICAL OPTICS

AND
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
Ahmad Alfin A. (x.2/01)
Putri Permata T. (x.2/13)
Shaffan Ula P. (x.2/18)
Yoshinta P. (x.2/26)
Ligita F.A. (x.2/29)
SMAN 5 SURABAYA
INTRODUCTION
Optics is branch of physics concerns the propagation and
behavior of light. In general, light is part of the electromagnetic
spectrum that extends from X rays to microwaves and
includes the radiation that produces the sensation of vision.
The study of optics is divided into geometrical optics and
physical optics.
Geometrical optics study the application of laws of reflection
and refraction of light in the design of lenses, mirrors and other
optical instruments.
Well discuss about how images are formed by lenses. Well
also discuss about magnifiers and the human eye.

LENSES
Lens in optics is glass or other transparent substance so shaped
that it will refract the light from any object, converging or diverging
it, and form a real or virtual image of the object.
Lenses are classified by the curvature of the two optical surfaces.
Each surface of a lens can be convex, concave, or flat.
Lens axis is imaginary line perpendicular to both surfaces
axis
CONVEX LENS
If the lens is convex, a beam of light traveling parallel to the
lens axis and passing through the lens will be converged (or
focused) to a spot on the axis, at a certain distance behind the
lens (known as the focal length).
Convex lens has positive focal length
In this case, the lens is called a positive (+) or converging
lens. Convex lens usually described as a vertical line with sign
(+) on its top.

PROPERTIES OF CONVEX LENS
+
f2 f1 o
+
f2 f1 o
+
f2 f1 o
When a beam of ray parallel to the axis passes
through the lens, it will converge to a point (f1)
Similarly, rays passes f2 refracted from the lens
as parallel rays
Rays passes undeflected straight through
center of the lens (O)
IMAGING
+
f2 f1
o
2f2
2f1
Image Properties:
1. Real Image
2. Inverted
3. Smaller than Object
Condition: S>2f2
S
IMAGING
+
f2 f1
o
2f2
2f1
Image Properties:
1. Real Image
2. Inverted
3. Same Size as Object
Condition: S=2f2
S
IMAGING
+
f2 f1
o
2f2
2f1
Image Properties:
1. Real Image
2. inverted
3. Bigger than Object
Condition: f2<S<2f2
S
IMAGING
+
f2 f1
o
2f2
2f1
No Image formed, or
Image at infinite distance
Condition: S=f2
S
IMAGING
+
f2 f1
o
2f2
2f1
Image Properties:
1. Virtual Image
2. Upright
3. Bigger than Object
Condition: S<f2
S
SIMULATION
CONCAVE LENS
If the lens is concave, a parallel beam of light passing
through the lens is diverged (spread); the lens is thus
called a negative (-) or diverging lens. The distance
from this point to the lens is also known as the focal
length.
Concave lens has negative focal length
It also usually described as a vertical line with (-) sign.

PROPERTIES OF CONCAVE LENS
-
f1 f2 o
-
f1 f2 o
-
f1 f2 o
When a beam of ray parallel to the axis
passes trough the lens, it will appear
diverge after refraction
Rays converging towards f2 will refracted
parallel to the axis
Rays passes undeflected straight through
center of the lens (O)
IMAGING
_
f1 f2
o
2f1
2f2
Image Properties:
1. Real Image
2. Upright
3. Smaller than Object
Condition: S>2f2
S<2f2
S=2f2
S
Image of concave lens
always virtual, upright, and
smaller than object
SIMULATION
LENS MAKER EQUATION
)
1 1
)( 1 (
1
2 1 1
2
R R n
n
f
+ =
M2 M1
n2 n1
R2
R1
M2 M1
n2 n1
R2
R1
Rules:
R1 or R2 (+) for convex surface
R1 or R2 (-) for concave surface
R1 or R2 (~) for plane surface

LENS EQUATION
f s s
1 1 1
2 1
= +
1
2
'
s
s
h
h
M = =
Equation of Object-Image
relationship
Linear and lateral magnification
Rules:
1. S1 has positive value if object located in front of the lens
2. S1 has negative value if object located behind the lens
3. S2 has positive value if image located behind of the lens (real)
4. S2 has negative value if image located in front of the lens (virtual)
5. Convex lens has positive focus (f)
6. Concave lens has negative focus (f)
7. h has positive value means image is upright and virtual
8. h has negative value means image is inverted and real
2 LENS WITH SAME MAIN AXIS
f1 f1
o
f2 f2
s1 s1 s2 s2
d
object
Final Image
2 LENS WITH SAME MAIN AXIS
(EQUATION)
2 1
' s s d + =
1
1
1
1
1
' '
s
s
h
h
M = =
2
2
2
2
2
' '
s
s
h
h
M = =
2 1
M M M
t
=
2 1
2 1
1
2
' ' '
s s
s s
h
h
M

= =
Image formed by first lens
will be object for second
lens
Total magnification is equal
to multiplication of both
magnification
COMPOUND LENS
f1
f2
2
nd
image
1
st
image
f3
3
rd
image
1 2 3
COMPOUND LENS (EQUATION)
...
1 1 1 1 1
3 2 1
+ + + = =

f f f f f
i
i t
...
3 2 1
+ + + = =

P P P P P
i
i t
Total focus of compound lens
Total optical power of
compound lens
For compound lens d=0
OPTICAL POWER OF THE LENS
The focal length f is positive for converging lenses, and
negative for diverging lenses. The inverse of the focal length,
1/f, is the optical power of the lens. If the focal length is in
meters, this gives the optical power in dioptres (1/m).





Convex lens has positive optical power because it has positive
focus, while Concave lens has negative optical power because
it has negative focus.
We often use this quantity to determine eyeglasses power
f
P
1
=
P is Power of lens
f is focal length (m)
'
1 1
'
1 1
s sn s s
P = + =
Sn is normal near or far point
S is user near or far point
EXAMPLE
Convergent lens
An object placed 30 cm in front of convergent lens that has focal
length 15 cm. Find: a) Image location (S2), b) Image Magnification,
c) Image properties.

f S S
1
2
1
1
1
= +
15
1
2
1
30
1
= +
S
30
1
15
1
2
1
=
S
30
1
30
2
2
1
=
S
30
1
2
1
=
S
cm S 30 2 =
1
30
30
1
2
=
=
=
M
M
S
S
M a) b) c)
Real Image, S2= (+)
inverted, M= (-)
Same size as object, M=1
Convergent = Convex
EXAMPLE
Divergent lens
An object placed 30 cm in front of divergent lens that has focal length
15 cm. Find: a) Image location (S2), b) Image Magnification, c)
Image properties.

f S S
1
2
1
1
1
= +
15
1
2
1
30
1

= +
S
30
1
15
1
2
1
=
S
30
1
30
2
2
1
=
S
30
3
2
1
=
S
cm S 10 2 =
3
1
30
10
1
2
+ =

=
=
M
M
S
S
M
a) b) c)
Virtual Image, S2= (-)
Upright, M= (+)
Smaller than object, M<1
Divergent = Concave
EXAMPLE
Optical Power of The Lens
1. Find the optical power of a convergent lens with focal length 50 cm
2. Find the optical power of a divergent lens with focal length 25 cm

1)




2)
m cm f 5 . 0 50 = =
dioptre
f
P 2
5
10
5 . 0
1 1
= = = =
m cm f 25 . 0 25 = =
dioptre
f
P 4
25
100
25 . 0
1 1
= =

= =
THE EYE
Eyes are one of the optical instruments, which are
the most familiar to us . An eye contains a convex
lens with a thickness that can be set . It changes
the focal length so that objects that are either far
away or near can be seen more clearly .

ANATOMY OF THE EYE
EYE OPTICS
The image formed by eye is real, inverted, and smaller than the object.
For an object to be seen sharply, the image must be formed exactly at
the retina. The eye adjust to different object distances by changing the
focal length of its lens.
For normal eye, an object at infinite distance sharply focused when
ciliary muscle is relaxed. To form sharp image for closer objects, the
tension of ciliary muscle increase so that the curvature of its surface
decrease. This process called accomodation.
The extremes of over which distinct vision is possible are known as the
far point and the near point of the eye. The far point of a normal eye is
at infinity. The average near point of normal eye is 25 cm.
NEARSIGHTEDNESS (MYOPIA)
Someone who can see objects which has distance
25cm clearly, but can't see objects with far distance
clearly is called nearsightedness. It's also called
far-blurred . This is caused by the eyepiece can't
flat in proper order so the farthest image object
doesn't reach the retina . It can be cured by using
concave eyeglasses . Before the light enters the
eye, it is refracted by concave lens, so the
reflection precise in the retina .
IMAGING
_
Parallel light
FARSIGHTEDNESS (HYPERMETROPIA)
Farsightedness, person can't see clearly close to
the object, but can see clearly far to the object .
This is caused by the eyepiece can't curve in proper
order so the closest reflection object is formed
behind the retina . It can be cured by using convex
eyeglasses. The function of convex lens is to
circumcise the light before it enters the eyes. This is
intended to form a reflection precise in the retina.

IMAGING
+
Near Object
PRESBYOPIA
An old man, usually can't see far object or near
object. This is caused by the near point . Is longer
than the near point of normal eyes and the far point
is shorter than the far point of normal eyes .
Presbyopia can be cured by bifocals lens. The
negative lens is for looking at the far objects . While
the positive lens is for reading or looking at the near
object.

ASTIGMATISM
Is cause by the misdistribution of the curvedness of
cornea. it affects the light that enters the eye don't
refract evenly . it's caused why astigmatic person
can't differentiated the horizontal and vertical lines .
it can be cured by using cylindrical eyeglasses .

LASER CORRECTION
EXAMPLE
m f
cm f
f
f
s s f
1
100
100
1 1
100
1 1 1
'
1 1 1
=
=
=

=
+ =
A man suffers myopia has far point 100 cm. He wants to
see far objects. Find the focal length and optical power of
the lens he should use.
Hints: place the object in the mans far point

dioptre P
P
f
P
1
1
1
1
=

=
=
ANGULAR SIZE
When you see a ship moving toward a harbor you will realize that at
first the ship looks very small, but when its getting closer it will looks
bigger. We can explain this occurrence with angular size concept.
o3 o2 o1
h
A B C
A B C
If the angular magnitude (o) of an object bigger, the image formed
will also looks bigger in the retina.
o3> o2 > o1 then C>B>A
ANGULAR MAGNIFICATION
Angular magnification defined as ratio between angular
size of image of an object (|) and angular size of the
object (o).

o
|
=
a
M
Memorize well
With this concept we can derive equations of magnifying glass and
microscope.
MAGNIFYING GLASS
A magnifying glass is a large convex lens commonly used to
examine small objects. The image is virtual because it is only
perceived by the viewers brain, and cannot be captured on a screen.
Angular size if we see objects using magnifying glass is bigger than
if we see objects directly.
Magnifying glass has angular magnification, there are 3 conditions of
angular magnification on a magnifying glass:


a. Eye accommodate at x distance
b. Eye at maximum accommodation
c. Eye with no accommodation

EYE ACCOMMODATE AT CERTAIN X DISTANCE
'
'
tan
S
h
= |
n
S
h
= o tan
h
h
S
S = -x
h
Sn

|
o
S
S
h
h ' '
=
x f
f x
s f s
s f s
. '
1 1 1
'
1 1 1
+
= + =
=
n a
n
a
S
f x
f x
M
S
S
M
.
.
|
|
.
|

\
| +
=
=
o
|
=
a
M
n
a
S h
x h
M
/
/ '
=
x
S
h
h
M
n
a
.
'
=
x
S
S
S
M
n
a
.
'
=
S
S
M
n
a
=
x
S
S
x
M
n
a
.
) (
=
x
S
f
S
M
n n
a
+ =
EYE AT MAXIMUM ACCOMMODATION
When eye fully accommodate, image formed from magnifying
glass must placed in eyes near point, so S=-Sn and x=Sn,
subtitute Sn to x in our previous equation
1 + =
+ =
+ =
f
S
M
S
S
f
S
M
x
S
f
S
M
n
a
n
n n
a
n n
a
h
h
S
S = -x
|
h
Sn=near point

o
EYE WITH NO ACCOMMODATION
Image formed from magnifying glass must be placed in
eyes far point, far point = , to obtain image at infinite
distance we must place the object in the focal point.


f
S
M
f
S
M
S
f
S
M
x
S
f
S
M
n
a
n
a
n n
a
n n
a
=
+ =

+ =
+ =
0
h
f
EXAMPLE
cm f
m f
f
P
f
5
05 . 0
20
1
1
=
=
=
=
A magnifying glass with optical
power 20 dioptre used by a
man with near point 30 cm and
far point 200 cm. Find the
location of the image and
magnification of the magnifying
glass when mans eye at
maximum accommodation.

cm s
s
s
s
s f s
s s f
7
30
30
7 1
30
1
30
6 1
30
1
5
1 1
'
1 1 1
'
1 1 1
=
=
+ =

=
=
+ =
a.
b.
7
5
35
5
5
5
30
1
= =
+ =
+ =
a
a
n
a
M
M
f
S
M