THREE-PHASE

INDUCTION MOTOR
Part-2
Torque Under Running Conditions
) (
2
cos or ;
2
cos
2
u | u |
r
E
r
I T
r
I E T
where, E
2
= rotor emf/phase under standstill conditions
I
r
= rotor current/phase under running conditions
2
sE
r
E = Now,
2
)
2
(
2
2
2
sX R
sE
r
Z
r
E
r
I
+
= =
2
)
2
(
2
2
2
2
cos
sX R
R
+
= |
2
)
2
(
2
2
2 2
2
)
2
(
2
2
2
2
)
2
(
2
2
2
sX R
R sE k
sX R
R
sX R
sE
T
+
u
=
+ +
u
2
)
2
(
2
2
2
2
2 1
sX R
R sE k
T
+
=
) ( u
r
E
Also,
S
N
k
t 2
3
1
where, =
The above torque expression can be written as follows:
2
)
2
(
2
2
2
where,
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
)
2
(
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
sX R
r
Z
r
Z
R sE
S
N
sX R
R sE
S
N
T + = =
+
=
t t
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 1
1 when,
X R
R E k
T
s
+
=
=
Example 34.10 The star connected rotor of an induction motor has a standstill
impedance of (0.4+j4) ohm/phase and the rheostat impedance is (6+j2) ohm/phase.
The motor has an induced emf of 80 V between slip-rings at standstill when
connected to its normal supply voltage. Find:
(i) rotor current at standstill with the rheostat is in the circuit.
(ii) When the slip-rings are short-circuited and motor is running with a slip of 3%.
Solution: (1) Standstill conditions
Voltage/rotor phase = 80/\3 =46.2 V
Rotor and starter impedance/phase= ((0.4+j4)+ (6+j2)= (6.4+j6)=8.77Z43.15
o
.
Rotor current/phase=46.2/8.77 5.27 A (power factor =cos43.15
o
=0.729)
(2) Running Conditions: Here starter impedance is cutout.
Rotor voltage/phase, E
r
=sE
2
= 0.0346.2= 1.386 V
Rotor reactance/phase, X
r
=sX
2
=0.034=0.12 ohm
Rotor impedance/phase, Z
r
= 0.4+j0.12=0.4176Z16.7
o
.
Rotor current/phase =1.386/0.4176=3.32 (power factor =cos16.7
o
=0.96)
Condition for Maximum Torque
Under Running Conditions
The torque of a rotor under running conditions is
2
)
2
(
2
2
2
2
2
1 2
)
2
(
2
2
2 2
sX R
R sE
k
sX R
R sE k
T
+
=
+
u
=
The condition for maximum torque may be obtained by differentiating the above
expression with respect to slip s and then putting it equal to zero.
However, it is simpler to put Y=1/T and than differentiate it.
2 2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
)
2
(
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
)
2
(
2
2
R E k
sX
sE k
R
R sE k
sX
R sE k
R
R sE k
sX R
Y
u
+
u
=
u
+
u
=
u
+
=
0
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
=
u
+
u

=
R E k
X
E s k
R
ds
dY
2 2
;
2
2
2 2
2
; 0
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
sX R X s R
R E k
X
E s k
R
= = =
u
+
u

Hence, torque under running condition is maximum at that value of the slip s which
makes rotor reactance per phase equal to rotor resistance per phase.
This slip is sometimes written as s
b
and the maximum torque T
b
.
Slip corresponding to maximum torque is s=R
2
/ X
2
.
Putting R
2
= s X
2
in the above equation for the torque, we get
)
2
2
2
or (
2
2
2
2
)
2
( 2
2
2
2
2
)
2
(
2
)
2
(
)
2
(
2
max
R
sE k
X
E k
sX
X s E k
sX sX
sX sE k
T
u u
=
u
=
+
u
=
Substituting value of s=R
2
/ X
2
in the
torque equation, we get
2
2
2
2 1
2
2
2
)
2
/
2
(
2
2
2
2
2
)
2
/
2
(
1
max
X
E k
X X R R
R E X R k
T =
+
=
Since , we have N-m.
S
N
k
t 2
3
1
=
2
2
2
2
2
3
max
X
E
S
N
T
t
=
From the above, it is found
1. That the maximum torque is independent of rotor resistance as
such.
2. However, the speed or slip at which maximum torque occurs is
determined by the rotor resistance. As seen from above, torque
becomes maximum when rotor reactance equals its resistance. Hence,
by varying rotor resistance (possible only with slip-ring motors)
maximum torque can be made to occur at any desired slip (or motor
speed).
3. maximum torque varies inversely as standstill reactance. Hence,
it should be kept as small as possible.
4. maximum torque varies directly as the square of the applied
voltage.
5. for obtaining maximum torque at starting (s=1), rotor resistance
must be equal to rotor reactance.
Relation Between Torque and Slip
A family of torque/slip curves is shown in Fig. 32.21 [1] for a range of s= 0 to
s=1 with R
2
as the parameter.
We have seen that
2
)
2
(
2
2
2 2
sX R
R sE k
T
+
u
=
It is clear that when s=0, T=0, hence the curve starts from point 0.
At normal speeds, close to synchronism, the term (sX
2
) is small and hence
negligible w.r.t. R
2
.
2
R
s
T
or if R
2
is constant.
Hence, for low values of slip, the torque/slip
curve is approximately straight line.
As slip increases (for increasing load on
the motor), the torque also increases and
becomes maximum when s=R
2
/X
2
.
This torque is known as pull-out or
breakdown toque T
b
or stalling torque.
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
T
o
r
q
u
e

[
N
-
m
]
Slip
R
2
=2 ohm
R
2
=3 ohm
R
2
=4 ohm
K=0.3; E
2
=100 V; X
2
=10 ohm; u=0.03 Wb
Speed % of Ns

As the slip further increases (i.e. motor speed falls)
with further increases in motor load, then R
2
becomes
negligible as compared to (sX
2
).
Therefore, for large values of slip
s
sX
s
T
1
2
)
2
(

Hence, the torque/slip curve is a rectangular hyperbola.
So, we see that beyond the point of maximum torque, any further increase in motor
load results in decrease of torque developed by the motor.
The result is that the motor slows down and eventually stops.
The circuit-breakers will be tripped open if the circuit has been so protected.
In fact, the stable operation of the motor lies between the values of s=0 and that
corresponding to maximum torque.
It is seen that although maximum torque does not depend on R
2
, yet
the exact location of T
max
is dependent on it.
Greater the R
2
greater is the value of slip at which the maximum
torque occurs.
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
T
o
r
q
u
e

[
N
-
m
]
Slip
R
2
=2 ohm
R
2
=3 ohm
R
2
=4 ohm
K=0.3; E
2
=100 V; X
2
=10 ohm; u=0.03 Wb
Speed % of Ns

Effect of Change in Supply Voltage on
Torque and Speed
We have seen that
2
)
2
(
2
2
2 2
sX R
R sE k
T
+
u
=
As where V is the supply voltage. Hence
2
sV T
V E u
2
Obviously, torque at any speed is proportional to the square of the applied voltage.
If stator voltage decreases by 10%, the torque decreases by 20%.
Changes in supply voltage not only affect the starting torque T
st
but torque under
running conditions also.
If V decreases, then T also decreases. Hence, for maintaining the same torque, slip
increases i.e. speed falls.
Let V change to V, s to s and T to T; then
2
' '
2
'
V s
sV
T
T
=
Effect of Changes in Supply Frequency
on Torque and Speed
Any important changes in frequency take place on a large distribution
system except during a major distribution.
However, large frequency changes often take place on isolated, low-
power systems in which electric energy is generated by means of diesel
engines or gas turbines.
Example of such systems are: emergency supply in a hospital and the
electric system on a ship etc.
The major effect of change in supply frequency is on motor speed.
If frequency drops by 10%, then motor speed also drops by 10%.
Machine tools and other motor-driven equipment meant for 50Hz
causes problem when connected to 60Hz supply.
Everything runs (60-50)100/50=20% faster than normal and this
may not be acceptable in all applications.
In that case, we have to use either gears to reduce motor speed or
an expensive 50 Hz source.
A 50 Hz motor operates well on a 60 Hz line provided its terminal
voltage is raised to 60/50=6/5 (i.e. 120%) of the name-plate rating.
In that case, the new breakdown torque becomes equal to the
original breakdown torque and the starting torque is only slightly
reduced.
However, power factor, efficiency and temperature rise remain
satisfactory.
Similarly, a 60 Hz motor can operate satisfactory on 50 Hz supply
provided its terminal voltage is reduced to 5/6 (i.e. 80%) of its
name-plate rating.
Full-Load Torque and Maximum Torque
Let s
f
be the slip corresponding to full-load torque, then
2
)
2
(
2
2
2
X
f
s R
R
f
s
f
T
+

2
2
1
max
and
X
T
2
)
2
(
2
2
2 2
2
max
X
f
s R
X R
f
s
T
f
T
+
=
Dividing both the numerator and the
denominator by X
2
2
, we get
2 2
)
2
/
2
(
2
/
2
2
max
f
s X R
X R
f
s
T
f
T
+
=
Let a=R
2
/X
2
=resistance/reactance, then
2 2
2
max
f
s a
a
f
s
T
f
T
+
=
2 2
2
torque maximum
slip any at torque operating
general, In
s a
sa s
+
=
Starting Torque and Maximum Torque
2
2
2
2
2
X R
R
st
T
+

2
2
1
max
and
X
T
2
1
2
2
)
2
/
2
( 1
2
/
2
2
max
a
a
X R
X R
T
st
T
+
=
+
=
The staring torque T
st
and the maximum torque T
max
can be written as follows:
phase per
reactance rotor
e restistanc rotor
2
2
where, = =
X
R
a
Variations in Rotor Resistance
The magnitude of the rotor current varies with load carried by the motor.
s
N
N
=
input Rotor
output Rotor
that, seen we As
s
N
N
= input Rotor output Rotor or,
output Rotor input Rotor =
N
s
N
KNT T N = t 2 output Rotor Also,
T
s
KN KNT
N
s
N
= = input Rotor s =
input Rotor
loss Cu Rotor
Now,
s
R I
2
2
2
3
input Rotor =
T
s
KN
s
R I
=
2
2
2
3
s
R I
T
2
2
2

1 since
2
2
2
= s R
st
I
st
T
slip load Full
2
2
2
=
f
s
f
s
R
f
I
f
T
2
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
f
I
st
I
f
s
f
T
st
T
where, I
2st
and I
2f
are the rotor currents for starting and full-load running conditions.
Induction Motor as a Generalized Transformer
The transfer of energy from stator to the rotor of an induction motor takes place
entirely inductively, with the help of flux mutually linking the two.
Hence, an induction motor is essentially a transformer with stator forming the
primary and rotor forming (the short-circuited) rotating secondary (Fig. 32.45).
The vector diagram is similar to that of a transformer.
In the vector diagram of Fig. 32.46 V
1
is the applied
voltage per stator phase.
R
1
and X
1
are stator resistance and leakage reactance
per phase respectively, shown external to the stator
winding in Fig. 32.45.
The applied voltage V
1
produces a magnitude flux
which links both primary and secondary thereby
producing a counter emf of self-induction E
1
in primary
(i.e. stator) and a mutually induced emf E
r
(sE
2
) in
secondary (i.e. rotor).
There is no secondary voltage V
2
in secondary because
whole of the induced emf E
r
is used up in circulating
the rotor current as the rotor is closed upon itself
(which is equivalent to its being short-circuited).
1 1 1 1 1 1
Obviously, X j R I I E V + + =
The magnitude of E
r
depends on voltage transformation ratio K between stator and
rotor and the slip. As it is wholly absorbed in the rotor impedance.
2 2 2 2 2 2
X j R
r
I I Z I E + = =
In the vector diagram I
0
is the no-load primary current.
It has two components (i) the working or iron loss
components I
w
which supplies the no-load motor losses
and (ii) the magnetizing component I

which sets up
magnetic flux in the core and the air gap.
2 2
0
Obviously,

I
w
I I + =
In Fig. 32-45, I
w
and I

are taken care of by an exciting

circuit containing R
0
=E
1
/I
w
; and X
0
=E
1
/I

, respectively.
Even though the frequencies of stator and rotor currents are different, yet magnetic
fields due to them are synchronous with each other, when seen by an observer
stationed in space- both field rotate at synchronous speed N
s
.
The current following in the short-circuited rotor produces a magnetic field, which
revolves round the rotor in the same direction as the stator field. The speed of rotation
of the rotor field is
N
s
N
s
N
N
s
N
s
N
s
sN
P
sf
P
r
f
r
N =

= = = =
120 120
s
N s
r
N
s
N N ) 1 ( , speed Rotor = =
Hence, speed of the rotating field of
the rotor with respect to the
stationary stator or space is
s
N N N
s
N N
s
sN = + = + = ) (
Rotor Output
Primary current I
1
consists of two parts, I
0
and I
2
. It is the later which is transferred
to the rotor.
If the applied primary voltage V
1
, some is absorbed in the primary itself (=I
1
Z
1
) and
the remaining E
1
is transferred to the rotor.
If the angle between E
1
and I
2
is |, then
| = cos
'
2 1
e input/phas Rotor I E
| = cos
'
2 1
3 input rotor Total I E
The electrical input to the rotor which is wasted in the form of heat is
)
2
2
2
3 or cos
2
3 R I
r
E I ( | =
s = 1
input rotor
output rotor
input rotor loss Cu rotor = s
Speed s Synchronou
Speed Actual
1 efficiency rotor = = =
s
N
N
s
The induction motor is called asynchronous motor because the rotor
of an induction motor does not run at synchronous speed (the speed
of rotation of the magnetic flux, produced by the primary winding of
a dynamo).
Equivalent Circuit of the Rotor
When motor is loaded, the
rotor current I
2
is given by
) 1 (
2
)
2
(
2
2
2
sX R
E
s
r
I
+
=
) 2 (
2
)
2
(
2
) /
2
(
2
X s R
E
r
I
+
=
The rotor circuit which actually consists of a fixed resistance R
2
and a variable
reactance sX
2
(proportional to slip) connected across E
r
=sE
2
[Fig.32.47(a)and Eq
(1)] can be looked upon as equivalent to a rotor circuit having a fixed reactance X
2

connected in series with a variable resistance R
2
/s (inversely proportional to slip)
and supplied with constant voltage E
2
[Fig. 32.47(b) and Eq. (2) ].
) 3 ( 1
1
2 2
2
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
s
R R
s
R
It can be written as:
It consists of two parts:
1. The first part R
2
is the rotor resistance itself and represents the rotor Cu
loss.
|
.
|

\
|
1
1
2
s
R
2. The second part is .
This is known as the load resistance R
L
and is the electrical equivalent of the
mechanical load on the motor.
In other words, the mechanical load on an induction motor can be represented
by a non-inductive resistance of the value .
|
.
|

\
|
1
1
2
s
R
The equivalent rotor circuit
along with the load
resistance R
L
may be
drawn as in Fig. 32.48.
Equivalent Circuit of an Induction Motor
As in the case of a transformer, in this case also, the secondary values may be
transferred to the primary and vice versa.
It should be remembered that when shifting impedance or resistance from
secondary to primary, it should be divided by K
2
whereas current should be
multiplied by K.
The equivalent circuit of an induction motor where all values have been referred to
primary i.e. stator is shown in Fig. 32. 49.
As shown in Fig. 32.50, the exciting
circuit may be transferred to the left,
because inaccuracy involved is negligible
but the circuit and hence the calculations
are very much simplified.
This is known as the approximate
equivalent circuit of the induction motor.
If transformation ratio is assumed
unity i.e. E
2
/E
1
=1, then the equivalent
circuit is as shown in Fig. 32.51
instead of that in Fig. 32.49b.
Power Balance Equation
With respect to Fig. 32.49(a), following power
relations in an induction motor can be deduced:
1
cos
1 1
3 power Input | = I V
1
2
1
loss Cu Stator R I =
0
2
loss Core Stator R
w
I =
s R I /
'
2
2 '
2
3 rotor to d transferre Power =
'
2
2 '
2
3 loss Cu Rotor R I =
Mechanical power developed by rotor (P
m
) or gross power developed by rotor (P
g
)
watt
1
'
2
2 '
2
3
'
2
2 '
2
3 /
'
2
2 '
2
3 losses Cu Rotor input Rotor
|
.
|

\
|

= = =
s
s
R I R I s R I
If T
g
is the gross torque developed by the rotor, then
watt
1
'
2
2 '
2
3
'
2
2 '
2
3 /
'
2
2 '
2
3
60
2
|
.
|

\
|

= = =
s
s
R I R I s R I
N
g
T
g
T
t
e
m - N
2
60 1
'
2
2 '
2
3
N s
s
R I
g
T
t
|
.
|

\
|

=
) 1 ( Now, s
s
N N =
Hence gross torque becomes
m - N
/
'
2
2 '
2
3
2
60
) 1 ( 2
60 1
'
2
2 '
2
3
s
N
s R I
s
s
N s
s
R I
g
T
t t
=

|
.
|

\
|

=
m - N
'
2
2 '
2
3
55 . 9
/
'
2
2 '
2
3
55 . 9
s
R
s
N
I
s
N
s R I
g
T = =
Since gross torque in synchronous watts is equal to
the power transferred to the rotor across the air-gap.
watt Synch. /
'
2
2 '
2
3 s R I
g
T =
It is seen from the approximate
circuit of Fig. 32.50 that
)
'
2 1
( ) /
'
2 1
(
1
'
2
X X j s R R
V
I
+ + +
=
m - N
'
2
2
)
'
2 1
(
2
) /
'
2 1
(
2
1
3
55 . 9
s
R
X X s R R
V
s
N
g
T
+ + +
=
The gross torque T
g
is different from shaft torque, which is
less than T
g
by the torque required to meet windage and
frictional losses.
Maximum Power Output
Fig. 32.52 shows the approximate equivalent
circuit of an induction motor with the
simplification that (i) exciting circuit is omitted
i.e. I
0
is neglected and (ii) K is assumed unity.
As seen, gross power output for 3-phase induction
motor is
L
R I
g
P
2
1
3 =
2
01
2
)
01
(
1
1
Now,
X
L
R R
V
I
+ +
=
2
01
2
)
01
(
2
1
3
X
L
R R
L
R V
g
P
+ +
=
The condition for maximum power output can be found be differentiating
the above equation with respect to load resistance R
L
and by equating the first
derivative to zero. If it is done, it will be found that
0
2
01
2
)
01
(
=
(
(

+ + X
L
R R
L
R
L
dR
g
P d
0
2
01
2
)
01
(
2
1
3 =
(
(

+ +
=
X
L
R R
L
R
L
dR
g
P d
V
L
dR
g
P d
0
2
]
2
01
2
)
01
[(
]
2
01
2
)
01
[(
]
2
01
2
)
01
[(
=
+ +
+ +
+ +
X
L
R R
L
dR
X
L
R R d
L
R
L
dR
L
dR
X
L
R R
0
2
01
2
)
01
(
=
+ +
(
(

X
L
R R
L
R
L
dR
g
P d
0
2
01
2
)
01
[(
]
2
01
2
)
01
[( =
+ +
+ +
L
dR
X
L
R R d
L
R
L
dR
L
dR
X
L
R R
0 ]
2
01
2
)
01
(
[ ]
2
01
2
)
01
[( = +
+
+ +
L
dR
dX
L
dR
L
R R d
L
R X
L
R R
0 ] )
01
( 2 [ ]
2
01
2
)
01
[( = + + +
L
dR
L
dR
L
R R
L
R X
L
R R
0 )
01
( 2 ]
2
01
2
)
01
[( = + + +
L
R R
L
R X
L
R R
0
2
2
01
2
2
01
2
01
2
2
01
= + + +
L
R R
L
R X
L
R
L
R R R
0
2 2
01
2
01
= +
L
R X R
2
01
2
01
2
01
2
Z X R
L
R = + =
01
Z
L
R =
where, Z
01
= leakage
impedance of the motor as
referred to primary
Hence, the power output is
maximum when the equivalent
load resistance is equal to the
standstill leakage impedance of
the motor.
Corresponding Slip
|
.
|

\
|
= 1
1
2
that, know We
s
R
L
R
01
power, output maximum For Z
L
R =
|
.
|

\
|
= 1
1
2 01
s
R Z
2 01
2
Hence,
R Z
R
s
+
=
This is the slip corresponding to
maximum gross power output.
2
01
2
)
01
(
2
1
3
that, know We
X
L
R R
L
R V
g
P
+ +
=
The value of P
gmax
is obtained by
substituting R
L
by Z
01
in the
above equation.
2
01
2
01 01
2
01
2
1
3
max
Z Z R
Z V
g
P
+
=
2
01
2
)
01 01
(
01
2
1
3
max
X Z R
Z V
g
P
+ +
=
2
01
2
01
2
01
01 01
2
2
01
01
2
1
3
max
R Z Z Z R R
Z V
g
P
+ + +
=
)
01 01
( 2
2
1
3
01
2
01
2
2
1
3
max
Z R
V
Z R
V
g
P
+
=
+
=
It should be noted that V
1
is voltage/phase of the motor and K
has been taken as unity.
Example 34.35 A 100 kW (output), 3300 V, 50 Hz, 3-phase, star connected induction
motor has a synchronous speed of 500 rpm. The full load slip is 1.8% and full-load
power factor 0.85. Stator copper loss= 2440 W. Iron loss= 3500 W. Rotational loss=
1200 W. Calculate: (i) The rotor copper loss, (ii) the line current, and (iii) the full-
load efficiency.
Solution: P
m
= output + rotational losses = 100+1.2=101.2 W
kW 855 . 1 2 . 101
018 . 0 1
018 . 0
1
Loss Cu Rotor (i) =

=
m
P
s
s
(ii) Rotor input, R
2
= P
m
+ rotor Cu loss
= 101.2+1.855=103.055 kW
Stator input= P
2
+ stator Cu and iron losses
=103.055+2.44+3.5=108.995 kW
(iii) Full-load efficiency= 100,000/108,995=0.917 or 91.7%
Example 34.36 The power input to the rotor of a 440 V, 50 Hz, 6 pole, 3-phase
induction motor is 100 kW. The rotor electromotive force is observed to make 120
cycles per minute. Calculate: (i) the slip, (ii) the rotor speed, (iii) mechanical power
developed, (iv) the rotor Cu loss per phase, and (v) speed of a stator field with
respect to rotor.
Solution: (i) we know that,
04 . 0 50 / ) 60 / 120 ( ' / So, = = = f f s sf f = '
(ii) N
s
= 120f/P=12050/6=1000 rpm; and
N= (1-0.04) 1000=960 rpm
(iii) P
m
= (1-s)P
2
=(1-0.04) 100=96 kW
(iv) Total Cu loss= sP
2
=0.04100 = 4 kW;
Cu loss/phase= 4/3 = 1.333 kW
(v) Speed of the stator field with respect to rotor is = 1000 960
= 40 rpm
Example 34.38 A 400 V, 50 Hz, 6-pole, A-connected, 3-| induction motor consumes
45 kW with a line current of 75 A and runs at a slip of 3%. If stator iron loss is 1200
W, windage and friction loss is 900 W and resistance between two terminals is 0.12
O. Calculate: (i) power supplied to the rotor, P
2
, (ii) rotor Cu loss, P
cr
, (iii) power
supplied to the load, P
out
, (iv) efficiency, and (v) shaft torque developed.
Solution:
lag 866 . 0
75 400 3
1000 45
cos =

= |
A line current of 75A means a phase-current of 75/\3 i.e. 43.3A
Next, winding resistance has to be worked out Refer to Fig. 34.40.
r and 2r are in parallel have an equivalent resistance measured at a
and b terminals in delta connected motor as (r2r/3r)=2r/3 ohms
From the data given, (2r/3)=0.12, r=0.18 ohm
Total stator Cu loss= 343.3
2
0.18=1012 W
Total input to stator= 45,000 W
Stator output= 45,000-(1012+1200)=42,788 W
Rotor Cu Loss= Slip Rotor input= 0.03 42,788=1248 W
Rotor mechanical output power= 42,788-1248= 41,504 W
Shaft output= Mechanical output of rotor Mechanical Loss
=41,504-900= 40,604 W
% 23 . 92 % 100
000 , 45
604 , 40
Efficiency = =
m N 400
970 2
60 604 , 40
rque, output to Shaft =

=
t
T
Example 34.41 An 18.65 kW, 4 pole, 50 Hz, 3 phase induction motor
has friction and windage losses of 2.5% of the output. The full-load
slip is 4%. Compute for full-load: (i) the rotor Cu loss, (ii) the rotor
input, (iii) the shaft torque, and (iv) the gross electromagnetic torque.
Solution: Motor output, P
out
= 18,650 W
Friction and windage loss, P
w
=2.5% of 18,650 = 466 W
Rotor gross output, P
m
= 18,650+466 =19,116 W
W 6 . 796 116 , 19
04 . 0 1
04 . 0
m
power, output gross
1
loss Cu Rotor
;
1
m
power, output gross
loss Cu Rotor
) (
=

=

=
P
s
s
s
s
P
i
5 . 912 , 19
04 . 0
6 . 796 loss Cu Rotor
2
input, Rotor ;
2
input, Rotor
loss Cu Rotor
) ( = = = =
s
P s
P
ii
(iii) T
sh
=9.55P
out
/N= 9.5518,650/1440=123.7 N-m
(iv) Gross torque, T
g
=9.55P
m
/N= 9.5519,116/1440=126.8 N-m
or T
g
=P
2
/2tN
s
=19,91318,650/(2t25)=127 N-m
No-Load Test
Without connecting any load on the induction motor
shift, full voltage is applied across the stator windings
terminals. Since output of the motor at no-load is zero,
the whole of the input power is wasted as various losses.
At no-load, the speed of the rotor is very nearly equal to
the synchronous speed. The slip at no-load is very small
and therefore the quantity R
L
=R
2
(1-s)/s, of the equivalent
mechanical load is very high.
The rotor induced emf and the rotor current, therefore,
are negligibly small. The rotor for practical purpose may
be considered as an open circuit.
No-load test of an induction motor is, therefore, similar
to no-load (or open-circuit) test on a transformer.
The losses at no-load are: (i) Cu-loss in the stator
winding; (ii) Core (or iron) losses in the stator and
rotor; and (iii) Frictional and windage losses.
From the total input at no-load, the Cu loss in the stator
winding can be subtracted to get core loss plus
friction losses.
The core-loss, and friction and windage losses at no-load
are nearly the same as would occur under full load
condition. So these losses are called fixed losses. This
is because core loss depends on applied voltage,
whereas friction and windage losses depend upon
speed of the rotation of rotor.
Applied voltage is assumed to be constant and the
variation of speed of an induction motor from no-
load to full-load is negligibly small.
Connection diagram for no-load test on an induction
motor is shown in Fig. 4.30.
In practice, it is neither necessary nor feasible to run the
induction motor synchronously so that the no-load test is
carried out with different values of applied voltage,
below and above the value of normal rated voltage.
The power input
(W
o
) is measured
by two
wattmeters, no-
load current (I
o
)
by an ammeter
and applied
voltage (V
o
) by a
voltmeter.
Fig. 4.30