Cellular Biology

Chapter 1 BIOL 300

Chris Westerkamp, Ph.D.
 Cellular Functions
• Movement
• Conductivity
• Metabolic absorption
• Secretion
• Excretion
• Respiration
• Reproduction
• Communication
 Eukaryotic Cell
• Nucleus
 Eukaryotic Cell

• Cytoplasm
 Eukaryotic Cell

• Cytoplasm
–Cytoplasmic matrix
–Cytosol
–Cytoplasmic organelles
 Eukaryotic Cell

• Cytoplasm
–Cytoplasmic matrix
• Space between nuclear
envelope and plasma
membrane
 Eukaryotic Cell
• Cytoplasm
–Cytoplasmic matrix
• Space between nuclear
envelope and plasma
membrane
–Cytosol
• Aqueous solution filling
matrix
 Eukaryotic Organelles
• Ribosomes
–RNA protein
–Free ribosomes
–Attached ribosomes
• Endoplasmic reticulum
–Site of protein synthesis
–Smooth vs. rough
endoplasmic reticulum
 Eukaryotic Organelles
• Golgi complex
–Flattened, smooth
membranes
–Secretory vesicles
–Proteins from the
endoplasmic reticulum are
packaged in the Golgi
complex
 Eukaryotic Organelles

• Lysosomes
–Originate from the Golgi
–Catalyze proteins, lipids,
nucleic acids, and
carbohydrates
–Role in autodigestion
 Eukaryotic Organelles

• Mitochondria
–Surrounded by a double lipid–
bilayer membrane
–Participates in oxidative
phosphorylation
–Increased inner membrane
surface area provided by cristae
• Cytoskeleton
–“Bones and muscles” of the cell
–Maintains the cell’s shape and
internal organization
–Permits movement of substances
within the cell and movement of
external projections
–Microtubules
–Microfilaments
 Plasma Membrane

• 3 important functions
 Plasma Membrane

• 3 important functions
–Define size and shape of the
cell
 Plasma Membrane

• 3 important functions
–Define size and shape of the
cell
–Selectively permeable
 Plasma Membrane

• 3 important functions
–Define size and shape of the
cell
–Selectively permeable
–Surface at which the cell
interacts with the environment
Membrane Fluidity
• Proteins
–Integral, peripheral, transmembrane
–Functions
• Receptors
• Transport
• Enzymes
• Surface markers
• Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
• Catalysts
 Plasma Membrane

• Plasma membrane protein functions

 Cellular Receptors

• Ligands
• Plasma membrane receptors
 Membrane Transport
• Active transport
–Active transport pumps
–Transport by vesicle formation
• Endocytosis
–Pinocytosis
–Phagocytosis
–Receptor mediated
• Exocytosis
Membrane Transport
 Endocytosis
• cell engulfs a substance by forming a
vesicle around the substance
• three types
• pinocytosis – substance is mostly
water
• phagocytosis – substance is a solid
• receptor-mediated endocytosis –
requires the substance to bind to a
membrane-bound receptor
Endocytosis
 Exocytosis
verse of endocytosis
bstances in a vesicle fuse with cell memb
ntents released outside the cell
ease of neurotransmitters from nerve ce

25
 Cellular Communication

• Gap junctions (contact signaling)

• Chemical signaling
– Hormonal
– Neurohormonal
– Paracrine
– Autocrine
• Neurotransmitters
 Osmolarity and Osmolality

• Osmolarity- number of milliosmoles/L

• Osmolality-number of milliosmoles/kg
– We can use them interchangeably in a
dilute solution
• ECF & ICF both 285mOsm/L
• plasma at 286.5mOsm/L
 Osmolarity

• Osmotic effect only with semipermeable

membranes

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Membrane Transport
Active Transport
• Na K pump

• Functions of Na-K pump

– Maintain high [K] in ICF
– Maintain low [Na] in ICF
 Electrical Impulses

• Resting membrane potential

• Action potential
– Depolarization
– Threshold potential
• Hyperpolarized vs. hypopolarized
– Repolarization
– Refractory period
• Absolute and relative
 Cellular Metabolism

• Metabolism
– Sum of all chemical reactions in the body
– Anabolism
• Energy using
– Catabolism
• Energy releasing
 Adenosine Triphosphate

• Created from the chemical energy

contained within organic molecules
• Used in synthesis of organic molecules,
muscle contraction, and active transport
• Stores and transfers energy
 Cellular Energy

• Digestion
• Glycolysis
– Occurs in the cytoplasm
– Anaerobic
• Citric acid cycle
– Also called Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic
acid cycle (TCA)
– Occurs in mitochondria
• Membrane transport
• Metabolism in the cell
• Communication between cells
Altered Cellular and
Tissue Biology
Chris Westerkamp
 Cellular Adaptation

• Physiologic vs. pathogenic

– Atrophy
– Hypertrophy
– Hyperplasia
– Dysplasia
– Metaplasia
Cellular Adaptation
 Cellular Injury

• Reversible
• Irreversible