NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT OF BV-300

NUTRITION
The process of digesting, absorbing and converting food into tissue and energy. Also the study of this process.

NUTRIENT
A substance that can be used as food. Some people use food for nutrients eaten by people and feed for animals.
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A. ENERGY : Energy may be defined as the capacity to do work. There are various forms of energy such as chemical, thermal, electrical and radiant. All forms of energy are interconvertible by suitable means.

MEASURES OF FEED ENERGY

GROSS ENGERY (IN FEED CONSUMED)

ENERGY IN FAECES DIGESTIBLE ENERGY(DE) ENERGY EXCRETED THROUGH URINE HEAT INCREMENT LOSSES MAINTENANCE (a) FASTING METABOLISM (b) VOLUNTARY ACTIVITY (c) HEAT TO KEEP BODY WARM (d) ENERGY TO KEEP BODY COOL METABOLIZABLE ENERGY(ME) NET ENERGY(NE) PRODUCTION (a) GROWTH (b) FAT (c) EGGS (d) FEATHER

B. PROTEINS : Proteins are complex organic compounds of high molecular weight. They contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen. Proteins are found in all living cells.
Each species has its own specific protein. Proteins are essential for living bodies in a more important way then either carbohydrates or lipids. They are major constituents of the soft tissue in the animal body.

For growth, egg production and repair of tissue wear and tear, a continuous and adequate supply of protein in the diet of Chicken is essential.
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CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEINS (i) Globular Proteins : All the enzymes, antigens and hormones that are proteins, fall in this category. Eg. Albumins, Globulins, Glutelins, Prolamins, Histones and Protamines.

(ii)Fibrous Proteins : Collagens, elastin and keratins constitute this group of proteins.
(iii)Conjugated Proteins : This class comprise of those proteins which upon hydrolysis yield some non-protein group as well as amino acids. This non-protein group is known as 'Prosthetic Group'. Eg. Phosphoric Acid Carbohydrate Lipid Pigment Nucleic acid (Phosphoprotein) (Glycoprotein) (Lipoprotein) (Chromoprotein) (Nucleoprotein)
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C. VITAMINS : Vitamins are the organic compounds that are required in very small amounts. They play a very crucial role in the life processes. They are essential in activation of enzyme system in different metabolic path ways. The vitamins are broadly classified as Fat soluble and Water Soluble.

Sr.No. Vitamin 1. A

2.

Deficiency symptoms Maintaining emaciation, ruffled structure and feathers, staggering function of gait and poor growth epithelial rate and drop in egg tissue production. Utilization of rickets and Calcium and osteomalacia in Phosphorous young and adult birds respectively
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Function

3.

4.

acts as antioxidant and helps in normal tissue respiration, phosphorylation and metabolism of neuclic acids and synthesis of ascorbic acid. Blood clotting

encephalomalicia, Exudative diathesis, Muscular dystrophy

embryonic mortality, haemorrhages on breast and leg muscles

5.

B1

Carbohydrate metabolism and in decarboxylati on of pyruvic acid

reduced appetite, ruffled feathers and unsteady gait "Star Gazing Posture"

6.

B2

biosynsthesis Curled Toe of flavin Paralysis nucleotides

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7.

B6

transamination and decarboxylatio n of amino acids

decreased apetite, poor growth, parosis, and jerky movements of legs

8.

B12

biosynthesis of poor growth and nucleic acids reduced egg size and carbohydrate and fat metabolism.

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9.

Pantoth component of coenic enzyme A acid required in carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism

Poor growth, emaciation, dermatitis, broken feathers and perosis

10.

Nicotin is an important ic Acid component of NAD and NADP involved in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism

inflamation of the mouth cavity and the upper part of esophagus, a condition known as 'black tongue" 12

11.

Folic acid

12.

Transfer of single carbon unit, synthesis of choline, methionine and thiamine Choline present in the form of acetylcholine in the body and acts as a source of methyl group also associated with lipid metabolism

poor growth, poor feathering, anemia and perosis.

perosis, haemorrhages and a slight puffiness of the hock joint and fatty lever.

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13.

Biotin involved in dermatitis, perosis, carbondioxide fatty liver and fixation and kidney syndrome decarboxylati on C hatchability and heat stress, egg respiratory production disorder, drop in egg production, poor shell quality
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14.

D. Minerals: Minerals give rigidity and strength to the animal skeleton and are their manor constituents. They also occur in various organic compounds like lipids and proteins. Minerals also have an important function in maintaining the irritability of muscles and nerves. They play an important role in maintaining the osmotic relations as well as the acid base equilibrium.
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Sr. No. 1.

Mineral Calcium

2.

Phosphor ous

Deficiency symptoms Structural reduced growth, component, osteoporosis, leg formation of egg weakness, longer shell, blood clot, blood clotting time, acid - base decreased egg equilibrium production constituent of bones, loss of appetite, energy metabolism, rickets, decrease in important part of egg production RNA and DNA, energy transfer Function
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3.

Sodium

regulation of the fluid volume in body, osmotic relationship, pH of the body fluids, nerve impulse transmission

slow growth, soft bones, poor feed efficiency, hypertrophy of adrenal gland

4.

Potassium

Potassium performs the muscle weakness, same functions inside retarded growth, the cell that sodium performs in the plasma and interstitial fluid, cofactor of many intracellular enzymes
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5.

Chlorine maintaining the ionic strength of the extra-cellular fluids, maintain low pH of gastric secretion

6.

Magnesi Constituent of um the bones, activator of many enzyme systems

poor growth, dehydration, nervous symptoms, they fall forward and their legs get stretched to the rear slow growth, lethargic, convulsions
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7.

Mangan synthesis of ese organic matrix of bones, cofactor of enzyme system

retarded growth, crippling leg deformity (Perosis)

8.

Zinc

cofactor of enzyme system, acid-base balance of the body fluids

retarded growth, leg weakness, decreased egg production

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9.

Iron

constituent of stunted growth, haemoglobin, hypochromic, essential for normal mycrocytic anaemia functioning of every tissue of the body. Activator of many enzymes, affects Iron metabolism and its absorption, role in formation of haemoglobin, maturation of RBC Poor growth, leg weakness, loss of pigment, haemorrhage

10.

Copper

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11.

Seleniu antioxidant, m hydrogen carrier in the respiratory chain

Stunted growth, poor feather development, degeneration of pancreas

12.

Iodine

has an lower thyroxine important role synthesis, high in production of TSH, goiter hormone thyroxine
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NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
NUTRI ENTS CHICK MASH (0-6 wk) 20 GROWE R MASH (7-10 wk) 18 DEV. MASH (1115wk) 16 PRELAY (16 wk-1st EGG) 17 PHASE I (1ST egg-30 wk) 18 PHASE II (31-45 wk) PHASE III (46-60 wk) 16 PHASE IV (61-72 wk) 15

Crude Protein % ME kcal/kg

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2950

2850

2700
0.92

2650

2700

2550

2450

2400

Calciu m%
Avai. P % Lys %

1
0.45 1.11

0.95
0.42 0.90

2.50
0.45 0.84

3.60
0.48 0.92

4.00
0.44 0.85

4.00
0.42 0.78

4
0.38 0.71

0.40 0.80

Met %
Lino %

0.45
1.4

0.42
1.4

0.39
1.2

0.38
1.2

0.46
1.4

0.38
1.2

0.34
1.2

0.33
1.2

Na%
Cl %

0.18-0.20
0.18-0.20

0.18-0.20
0.18-0.20

0.18-0.20
0.18-0.20

0.18-0.20
0.18-0.20

0.18-0.20
0.18-0.20

0.18-0.20
0.18-0.20

0.18-0.20
0.18-0.20

0.18-0.20
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0.18-0.20

VITAMINS (added) A I.U./kg

CHICK

GRO WER 12500

DEV. MASH 12500

PRELAY

PHASE I 12500

PHASE II

PHASE III 12500

PHASE IV 12500

12500

12500

12500

D3 I.U./kg
K3 mg/kg E I.U./kg B-12 mg/kg B2 - mg/kg Niacin mg/kg Pantothenic Acid mg/kg Folic acid mg/kg B1 mg/kg Pyridoxine mg/kg

2500
4 40 0.015 8 30 10 1 2 3

2500
4 40 0.015 8 30 10 1 2 3

2500
4 40 0.015 8 30 10 1 2 3

2500
4 40 0.015 8 30 10 1 2 3

2500
4 40 0.015 8 30 10 1 2 3

2500
4 40 0.015 8 30 10 1 2 3

2500
4 40 0.015 8 30 10 1 2 3

2500
4 40 0.015 8 30 10 1 2 3

Biotin mg/kg
Vitamin C mg/kg Choline mg/kg

0.1
50 500

0.1
50 500

0.1
50 500

0.1
50 500

0.1
50 500

0.1
50 500

0.1
50 500

0.1
50 500
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MINERALS mg/kg added

CHICK MASH

GROWE R MASH

DEV. MASH

PRELAY

PHASE I

PHASE II PHASE II

PHASE IV

Manganese Zinc Iron Copper Iodine Selenium

80 80 60 15 1 0.3

80 80 60 15 1 0.3

80 80 60 15 1 0.3

80 80 60 15 1 0.3

80 80 60 15 1 0.3

80 80 60 15 1 0.3

80 80 60 15 1 0.3

80 80 60 15 1 0.3
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SOME RECOMMENDED FORMULAE FOR COMM. LAYER

COST/KG (Rs.) 11.44 21.12 9.55 2.36 23.68 INGREDIENT MAIZE SOY 46.4% BAJRA SOD. BENTONITE DCP CHICK 58.81 27.63 4.00 1.00 1.92 GROWER 33.74 14.94 25.00 0.00 1.10 DEVEL OPER 26.98 8.43 25.00 0.00 1.02 PRELAY 24.37 12.53 25.00 0.00 1.25 PHASE1 28.69 16.95 24.27 0.00 1.50 PHASE-2 17.58 12.25 30.00 0.00 1.16 PHASE-3 14.32 9.82 30.00 0.00 1.29 PHASE-4 13.83 8.66 30.00 0.00 1.32

8.50
35.00 1.36 290 8.58 6.19 11.46 18.33 110 160 138 90 11.80

SALT PREMIX
BRAN OIL LSP + CHIPS DL-MET RICE POLISH DORB SUN FLOWER RICE GLUTEN 40% LYSINE OPTIPHOS LIPIDAY LAYER VIT. MIXINE MUSTARD

0.95
0.80 1.15 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.00 0.09 0.00 0.05 0.55 0.00

0.78
0.00 1.25 0.04 10.73 2.82 3.00 3.00 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.55 3.00

0.84
0.00 1.34 0.04 13.72 15.00 1.00 3.00 0.09 0.01 0.00 0.55 3.00

0.78
0.00 5.24 0.02 15.00 6.26 3.00 3.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.55 3.00

0.79
0.00 6.38 0.09 12.26 0.00 2.50 3.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.55 3.00

0.78
0.00 6.61 0.02 12.66 9.39 3.00 3.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.55 3.00

0.92
0.00 6.68 0.00 13.54 15.00 2.68 2.20 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.55 3.00

1.00
0.00 7.31 0.00 15.00 16.00 2.89 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.55 25 3.00

COMPOSITION OF FEED STUFF USED IN POULTRY FEED

Ingredient Protein % 9.5 12 9 14 10.5 10 12 46 42 29 38 40 42 52 46 ME Kg Kcal/ Fat% Fibre % 3 12 1.5 14 2 3 3 5 7 23 12 1 2.6 3.5 2.3 Cal % Av. Ph % Lysine % 0.24 0.5 0.25 0.45 0.25 0.25 0.5 3 1.6 1.12 1.7 4 1.48 1.1 2.5 Meth % Linoleic Acid % 1.9 5.5 0.65 1.6 1.1 1.1 0.5 0.4 0.38 1.6 0.5 0.3 2 4 4

Maize Rice Polish Broken Rice DORB Bajra Jowar Wheat Soya GNE Sun Flower Mustard Fish Meal Rice Gluten Maize Gluten MBM

33.4 29 30 20 30 31 31.5 25 25 13.5 20 25 30 33 25

3.5 15 3 0.75 2.5 3 2.5 1 1 1 1 2 8.5 7 11

0.01 0.04 0.04 0.1 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.25 0.2 0.4 0.7 6.5 0.04 0.1 8

0.06 0.2 0.05 0.2 0.05 0.05 0.13 0.25 0.15 0.3 0.4 2 0.05 0.2 4

0.22 0.25 0.2 0.22 0.25 0.25 0.2 0.65 0.45 0.5 0.6 1.4 1.22 1.6 0.78

L.S.P.
D.C.P.

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24 17
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MAXIMUM LEVEL OF INCLUSION OF FEED INGREDIENTS IN POULTRY DIETS

Ingredient ENERGY SOURCES Maize Wheat Rice Cutting Bajra Rice Bran Rice Polish 60 50 40 50 20 20 Level of inclusion (%)(max)

Wheat Bran
Molasses Animal and vegetable fat PROTEIN SOURCE Soyabean Meal Groundnut Meal Sunflower Meal Mustard Fish Meal M.B.M. Blood Meal Poultry by Product Meal Feather meal

15
5 5

40 40 10 5 5 5 3 5 2
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USE OF ENZYMES
THE BIOLOGICAL ACTION OF ENZYMES IS COMPARED TO THAT OF A LOCK AND KEY. COMMONLY USED ENZYMES ARE : PHYTASE , XYLANASE , CELLULASE , GLUCANASE , MANNASE , GALACTOSIDASE , AMYLASE AND PROTEASE. EXOGENOUS ENZYMES FUNCTION THROUGH ENHANCING THE AVAILABILITY AND RETENTION OF NUTRIENTS PRESENT IN FEED. FOR A ENZYME ,TO SHOW OPTIMAL RESPONSE , IT IS REQUIRED THAT THE NUTRIENTS SPARED SUCH AS PHOSPHORUS AND ENERGY SHOULD BE THE NUTRIENTS , LIMITING CHICKEN PERFORMANCE. SINCE PHYTATE IS IN THE FORM OF CA & MG SALTS AND IS ABLE TO CHELATE MANY CATIONS ( ZN, MG ) , ITS HYDROLYSIS IMPROVES MINERAL UTILISATION OVERALL.
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ANTI-NUT
PHYTATE

FOUND IN
PLANT BASED

PROBLEM CONTENT
BINDS P & OTHER MOL RES. TO DIGESTION HIGH IN VEG MEALS & CEREALS MODERATE TO LOW

ENZYME
PHYTASE

ARABINOXYLANS

CELL WALL PLANT BASED

XYLANASE

BETA GLUCANS

BARLEY, OAT

HIGH VISCOSITY
RES. TO DIGESTION RES. DIGESTION INSOLUBLE

MODERATE TO LOW
VARIABLE VARIABLE

BETAGLUCANASE
BETAMANNANASE ALFAGALACTOSID ASE CELLULASE

MANNANS OLIGOSACCHARIDES

SOYBEAN MEAL VEG MEALS

CELLULOSE

PLANT INGREDIENTS

HIGH

STARCH
PROTEIN

CEREALS AND BYPRODUCTS

CORN, VEG MEALS

STRUCTURAL RESISTANT
PROTEIN ANFS

HIGH
VARIABLE

AMYLASE
29 TARGETTED PROTEASES

SHELL QUALITY
CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS VITAMIN-C IS A FACTOR IN ABSORPTION OF VIT-D TO THE ACTIVE HORMONAL METABOLITE CALCITRIOL WHICH STIMULATES INTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF CALCIUM. SODIUM BI CARBONATE - THE ADDITION OF NAHCO3 HAS SHOWN TO IMPROVE ELECTROLYTE BALANCE, ACID-BASE BALANCE AND HAVE POSITIVE EFFECT ON SHELL QUALITY. MINERALS ZINC, MANGANESE AND COPPER ARE INVOLVED IN METABOLIC PROCESS OF SHELL FORMATION CARBONIC ANHYDRASE IS ZINC DEPENDENT ENZYME AND INVOLVED IN CALCIUM CARBONATE DEPOSITION FOR SHELL FORMATION. POLYMERASE IS AN ENZYME THAT REQUIRES MANGANESE AS A CO-FACTOR. IT FORMS SHELL GLYCO-PROTEIN MATRIX.

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TOXIC SUBSTANCE IN FEED Trypsin inhibitors These are high as well as low molecular weight proteins found widely in almost all feedstuffs including soyabean and cereals like paddy and wheat. These compounds inhibit the proteolytic activity of trypsin and chymotrypsin. Tannins, Plant phelons having a molecular weight greater than 500 are termed tannins. They decrease the palatability of feed, decrease the protein and energy utilization. Tannins are present in feedstuffs, like sorghum, 31 salseed, and mustard etc.

Haemagglutinins These compounds occur in many seeds and plants. They are protein in nature and have remarkable property of agglutinating red blood cells. Examples of haemagglutinins include ricin found in caster seed. Ingestion of such toxicants cause inflammation of epithelial linning, destruction of epithelial cells as well as edema, hypermea and hamorrhags in the lymphatic tissues. The liver undergoes fatty degeneration and necrosis. Goitrogens Many natural feeds contain compounds which cause an enlargement of the thyroid and hypothroidism. e.g. rape seed meal.
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Cyanogens These compounds are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and are found generally in the form of cyanogenetic glucosides. Upon hydrolysis, these compounds give rise to glucose, benzaldehyde and hydrogen-cyanide. e.g. linseed meal. Saponins These are glycosides in nature and occur in a wide variety of plants. These are toxic compounds causing haemolysis of erythrocytes. The economically more important saponins occur in soyabean, sugerbeat and lucern.
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Gossypol
The polyphenolic gossypol pigments are indigenous to the genus Gossypium, to which the common cotton crop belongs. Growing chickens fed cotton seed mean containing gossypol exhibit loss of weight, reduced feed intake, leg weakness, anaemia, lower erythorocyte count and a decrease in the serum protein level. In laying chickens the symptoms include, in addition to the above, smaller size of eggs, yolk discoloration and decreased hatchability of eggs.

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Mycotoxins Fungal contaminiation of poultry feed may occur at various stages of its production and handling. Fungal infestation causes deterioration in poultry feeds by producing toxic metabolites as well as decreasing the value of the nutrients presents in the feed. The most dreadful fungi affecting feeds like groundnut meal, maize, sunflower, cake and sesame meal is aspergillus flavus. The toxins produced by this species are know as aflatoxins. Aflatioxins B1 is acutely toxic. It is reported that diets containing as low as 0.03 ppm of aflatoxin B1 from groundnut cake may develop liver tumors if fed over a long timer.
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Bacterial Toxins Feeds which are contaminated by bacteria like clostridia, salmonellae, when fed to chicken down the immunity of chicken and causes severe damage to the bird.

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CALCULATION OF M.E. FROM PROXIMATE VALUE OF FEED LAYER CALCULATED M.E. = (37 X C.P.%) + (76 x E.E.%) + (34.6 x NFE%) (KCal/ KG) NFE % = 100 (Moisture % + C.P.% + C.F.% + E.Ext.% + Total Ash%) EXAMPLE A Layer feed having proximate analysis as below : Layer Feed : C.P. 17.5% C.Fibre 6.0% Moisture 10.0% Total Ash 11.0% Ether Ext 2.5% NFE = 100 (17.5 + 2.5 + 6 + 10 + 11) = 100 47 = 53 Calculate M.E. = (37 X 17.5) + (76 x 2.5) + 34.6 x 53) = 2671 Kcal/ Kg.
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PERFORMANCE GOALS The following performance goals are expected to be achieved during the 52 weeks of laying cycle Livability 96%

Egg Yield

320 eggs cumulative hen housed

Feed consumption

41.25 kg/bird during laying

Peak production (above 90%)

25 weeks to 52 weeks of age

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CONCLUSION
On the one hand performance of BV300 depends on genetic potential, resistance to diseases and the best farm management conditions, on the other, nutrition has to play its key role in fulfilling birds requirements for: maintenance and growth peak production maintaining proper immunity against various diseases induced by bacteria, virus and mycotoxins. A balanced nutrition can definitely maintain our birds vitality and performance alongwith other measures like proper vaccination, better farm management and best biosecurity measures.
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Thank you

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