Essential Oils In Poultry Nutrition

GOPI.M MVN 11003(ANN)

Dept. of Animal Nutrition

Essential Oils:
A mixture of secondary metabolites fragrant and liquid

volatile compounds.
The term essential from quinta essentia by Paracelsus. Term essential oil is a poorly defined but term volatile oil has been proposed (Hay et al., 1993).

Distribution: Over 50 species. Plants about 0.01 2% EOs. leaves - Eucalyptus, bark - Cinnamon, flower Oregano, seeds - pepper. bulbs - garlic. Roots - ginger, or in fruit peels - lemon, orange.

Physical properties
Posses Characteristic odors. Obtained by Distillation. Soluble in organic solvents. Specific gravity (0.8-1.17) mostly lighter than

water (clove & cinnamon are heavier).

Essential Oils
Essential oils

Terpenes Isoprene units C5H8

Phenylpropenes

Monoterpenes

Sesquiterpenes

DiTerpenes
C20H32

C10H16

C15H24

C6 compounds With C3 side chain

Scheme for Essential oils identification 0.5 ml of the oil + 2 drops of (1%) aq. FeCl3 .

Results as follows:
Essential oils

Yellow

Green

Violet

Dark Blue

Menthol

Thymol

Eugenol

Methyl salicylate

Vanillin

Biological role of essential oils

Possess Anti-microbial activity.

Provide Antioxidant property.

Assist the digestive process. Affect the lipid metabolism.

Effect on growth performance.

Other effects Immunomodulation.

Antimicrobial Activity:
Antibiotic residue & resistance ban on antibiotics usage. An alternate to AGPs.
Phytobiotics (EO), approved in chicken feed in EU & USA

( Hooge, 2004).

Stimulate growth of beneficial &

limit number of pathogenic bacteria in poultry (Wenk, 2000).

Anti-Microbial Activity:
Lavandin, Tea tree, Peppermint Juniper No antimicrobial activity

Antimicrobial activity only on Candida lipolytica.

Cinnamon, Oregano, Thyme, Garlic

Great antimicrobial activity.

MOA: Exact mechanism is poorly understood .

Change the permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane

to hydrogen (H+) and potassium (K+) ions .

Antimicrobial activity of 29 oils tested against 59

microbes.

Blends of essential oils - used to control Cl. perfringens,

EOs active against G+ve & G-ve. hydrophobic nature more active against G+Ve bacteria.

smaller molecular wt also active on G-ve bacteria.

Calsamiglia et al.,2007

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC, ppm) of carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and thymol

(P<0.05)
Cosentino et al., 1999

Effect of Thyme Essential Oil @1g/kg on intestinal microbial population in J. quail.

Thyme oil on Intestinal Microbes Population ( log 10cfu/g)

8.5
8 7.5 7 6.5

8.1
7.43

8.29

7.23

Control
(P<0.05).

TEO
E.coli cfu/g
Khaksar et al.,2012

Lactobacillus cfu/g

Allicin Bacteriostatic, Candidia, Influenza virus.

Growth and biosynthesis of aflatoxin B1 by A. flavus suppressed by EO. The inhibitory effect of the oils is directly proportional to concentrations (Deabes,2011).

Calsamiglia et al.,2007

Antioxidant property of essential oils

Act as effective free radicals scavengers . It influence the SOD, glutathione peroxidase & Vit. E. Thymol and Oregano have antioxidant activity on chicken egg

& meat respectively (Lee,2004).

Antioxidant activity: Due to phenolic compounds ,Flavonoids (Oregano and Thyme) & Terpenoids (thymol, carvacrol & eugenol ) Rosemary & Sage - highest antioxidant potential (Madsen et al., 1997)

Caspar Wenk, 2003

Serum antioxidant levels of broilers with the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay from d 16-28
Thyme Oil Antioxidant Property (ORAC, mol of TE/ml)

70
60 50

40 30
20 10

0
Control Thymol 0.2 g/ Thymol 0.4 kg g/kg Thymol 0.8 g/kg Thyme oil 2ml/kg Thyme oil 4 ml/kg

Hydrophilic

Lipophilic

Hydrophilic without protein

Hoffman-Pennesi,2010

(P<0.05)

Essential oils affect the digestion process

Essential oils favourably affect gut functions (Manzanilla et al., 2004) .

Stimulate digestive secretions, e.g. bile, mucus, enhanced enzyme activity (Platel, 2004). Cinnamaldehyde increased bile secretion in the rat (Harada and Yano,1975).

 In broilers enhance - trypsin, amylase & jejunal chyme (Jang et

al.,2004 ).
Increase intestinal mucus secretion & reduced the adherence of

pathogens (E. coli, Cl. perfringens) (Jamroz et al.,2006).

Blends of EOs improved digestibility in chickens (Hernandez et

al.,2004).
Reduction of the intestinal viscosity (Chrubasik et al., 2005). Better DMD, CP digestibility in grower & finisher with thyme,

and rosemary (Hernandez et al.,2004).

Effects of dietary essential oils on digestive enzyme activities (units) in pancreas in broiler chickens:

Effects of essential oils on lipid metabolism

It inhibits hepatic 3- hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme

A (HMG-CoA), a key enzyme in cholesterol synthesis (Crowell, 1999).

Inhibition of HMG-CoA lowered serum cholesterol by 2% in poultry (Lee et al.,2003). Oregano plus cinnamon in quail diets decreased plasma total cholesterol, TGs levels (Sarica et al., 2009).

Effect of Thyme Essential Oil @1g/kg on serum lipid profile in J. quail.

Growth performance in chickens: Thyme oil - positive effect on broiler BWG(Cross et al.,2007) .

Thyme in J. quail @1 g/kg diet increased Bwt, improved FCR (Genedy,2003).

Effect of Thyme & Cinnamon oil on growth performance of Broilers

Essential oils in Broiler Performance

5000 4000

4380

4423
b

4612 a
2882 a

4458 b
2686
b

4557 a
2866 a

3000 2546 c

2617

2000
1000 0
Control thyme 100 ppm thyme 200 ppm Cinnamon 100 ppm Cinnamon 200 ppm
Al-Kassie,2009

1.72 a

1.69b

1.6c
FI (g/bird)

1.66 b
FCR

1.59 c

(P<0.05).

BWg (g/bird)

Effect of Thyme & Cinnamon oil on blood parameters of Broilers

Essential Oils in Haemoglobin & H:L ratio

8 6 4 2 0

6.7

7.2

7.3

7.3

7.5

0.72
Control

0.62
thyme 100 ppm

0.64
thyme 200 ppm

0.65
Cinnamon 100 ppm

0.63
Cinnamon 200 ppm
Al-Kassie,2009

(P<0.05)

Hb (gm/dl)

Heterophil : lymphocytes ratio

Effect of Thyme Essential Oil @1g/kg on body weight & cumulative feed conversion ratio in J.quail.
Thyme oil on Body weight & CFCR 169

200 150

157

100
50 0
Live body weight (g) CFCR (g feed/g gain)
(P<0.05).

2.82

2.71

Control

TEO

Khaksar et al.,2012

Essential oils in Layers:

EOM in diet increased the antioxidant level, albumen height and Haugh unit. EOM in layer under heat stress be beneficial - egg wt and immune function (Ozek,2011).

Botsoglou, 2005

OTHER ROLES:
The nutrient-sparing, health-promoting effects &

improving nutrient digestion and absorption (Jamroz et al.,2005).

Improvement in fertility & chick weight in broiler

breeders.
Further research is needed for the immunomodulator

effects (Cinnamon @ 1000ppm).

Factors may affect the effectiveness of EOs:

1) plant parts and their physical properties,

2) source,

3) harvest time, and

4) compatibility with the other ingredient (s) in feed (Wang et al., 1998),

Commercially available Essential Oil products:

CRINA Poultry Plus.

Containing a minimum of 90% extractable, with around 10% essential oil compounds and minimum 80% benzoic acid.
Recommended inclusion in broiler feeds.

Poultry Broilers

Mg/kg feed 300

CONCLUSION : Variation in findings among researchers.

Lack of standards on usage, efficacy, effects etc,

Experiments in commercial products or blends of phytogenic substances. Need to explain the efficacy and MOA , dose of active compound and Interactions with feed ingredients .

Thank u
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