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Ground
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Input Outut
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May be taken up by the crop, as intended. It may become incorporated in the soils organic matter, where it will remain unless it is remobilized by the bacteria and other organisms in the soil. May be leached to groundwater. May be denitrified. This happens when microbes hungry for oxygen utilize. the oxygen atoms of the nitrate ion so that NO; becomes dinitrogen (N2) or nitrous oxide (N20), both of which are gases. Denitrification lessens the nitrate problem but N20 contributes to the 'greenhouse effect'. Ammonium in the fertilizer may be volatilized as ammonia.
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All fertilizers contribute but not all are equal due to the form of Nitrogen. What is in OIMs organic fertilizers
Ammonia Nitrate Urea Amino Acids, Proteins Humus and other organic forms
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Nitrogen Cycle
Amino Acids
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Soil microbes eventually convert organic forms of Nitrogen into exactly the same nitrate ion that comes from a synthetic fertilizer The difference is that some of the N is converted into immobilized forms of Nitrogen and cycle in the soil.
Organic Fertilizers & Groundwater Contamination, Tim Stemwedel, COFI
9/13/2012
When microbial release of the nitrogen (ammonia) occurs after the crop is finished. When organic forms of N are in Ammonia or Nitrate form. When applications are not matched to the demand of the plant. When over application is made (OverTopping) to cover high demand peaks
Organic Fertilizers & Groundwater Contamination, Tim Stemwedel, COFI
9/13/2012
Differences in OIMs..
Compost
Small amounts of ammonia, nitrate, urea. Very High amounts of bound organic forms (humus, etc.) Low potential for Leaching, may increase sequestering of other N sources
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Differences in OIMs..
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Differences in OIMs..
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Differences in OIMs..
Research
Nevertheless, we could not find any evidence that nitrate leaching will be reduced by the introduction of organic farming practices, if the goal is to maintain the same crop yield levels as in conventional farming systems. Reduction of nitrate leaching is not a question of organic or conventional farming, but rather of introduction and use of appropriate countermeasures. This insight should guide our thinking when developing environmentally friendly and sustainable cropping systems.
Organic Fertilizers & Groundwater Contamination, Tim Stemwedel, COFI
9/13/2012
Research
Alternative Production Systems to reduce nitrates in ground water Robert I. Papendick, Lloyd F. Elliott, and James F. Power
Abstract Most important in nitrogen fertilizer management is to more closely match nitrogen availability in the soil with crop needs and to avoid overfertilization. Nitrogen fertilizer use can be reduced by alternate cropping of low and high nitrogen -demanding crops, use of legumes in the crop rotation to fix nitrogen, an d proper use of manures, crop residues, and other organic wastes. Residual nitrates in soil can be reduced by use of cover crops, nitrogenscavenging crops in the rotation, and alternating shallow and deeprooted crops. Practices used by organic farmers should be carefully studied as possible approaches for ground water protection and adaptation into conservation tillage systems for conserving soil and water resources.
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Research
Nitrate leaching was 4-5 times higher in conventional plots than organic. Higher organic matter in organic Greater microbial activity in organic Greater denitrification efficiency (N gas release compared to Nitrate losses) (Used compost and cover crops.)
Organic Fertilizers & Groundwater Contamination, Tim Stemwedel, COFI
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Research
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Nitrate leaching: comparing conventional, integrated and organic agricultural production systems
by
Guido Haas, Martin Berg, Ulrich Kpke Institute of Organic Agriculture, University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 3, D-53115 Bonn,
Germany.
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There was little decrease in the NO3concentration of the percolate and the amount of leached N (15% less) by shifting from conventional practice to integrated farming. Converting to organic farming reduced leaching losses of nitrogen by more than 50 %.
Organic Fertilizers & Groundwater Contamination, Tim Stemwedel, COFI
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Regular applications of poultry litter to a sandy arable soil: effects on nitrate leaching and nitrogen balance
Mark Shepherd*, Anne Bhogal
At rates of broiler litter which supplied more N than the crop required (generally above 10 t ha1 each year), nitrate-N leaching losses were large; at the largest application rate (akin to a disposal, rather than a planned fertilizer strategy), concentrations peaked at c 500 mg litre1 N.
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Compost, Manure and Synthetic Fertilizer Influences Crop Yields, Soil Properties, Nitrate Leaching and Crop Nutrient Content
Paul Hepperly, Don Lotter, Christine Ziegler Ulsh, Rita Seidel and Carolyn Reider
Broiler litter leaf compost (BLLC) showed the lowest nitrate leaching of all the nutrient amendments tested (P= 0.05).
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Over-topping with N
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Use of Soluble irrigation applied Liquid Fertilizers during high crop demand
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Using a quick nitrate test, provided by the University of California Cooperative Extension, growers can gauge how many nitrates are already in the soil and use only as much fertilizer as their lettuce needs to grow.
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Fertilizer and irrigation go hand in hand, and conserving irrigation water cuts down on fertilizer use as well. Drip and other irrigation systems can deliver the Nitrogen directly to the root zone. Use of Soil moisture monitoring tools improve nutrient uptake.
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Compost
Even though Compost has a relatively high C:N ration and low PAN, compost is also low in soluble, mineralizable Nitrogen low threat
Manure/Poultry Litter
May be affected the greatest due to high C:N and low Plant Available Nitrogen. Also used at very high rates.
Guano
High impact due to high mineral N. Application techniques need to minimize leaching.
Organic Fertilizers & Groundwater Contamination, Tim Stemwedel, COFI 9/13/2012
Proteins
Slow release rate of Nitrogen due to biological mineralization requirement increases efficiency, but on short-term crops will create greater leachable Nitrogen if a follow-up crop is not grown to capture the excess N.
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Thanks!
You can find this presentation located on the web at www.organicag.com or Organic Fertilizer Association of Calif. Website at: www.organicfertilizerassociation.com Tim Stemwedel, tim@organicag.com
559-250-1245
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