Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Module 2
Light Sources and Ballasts
Welcome to the second module in Lighting Fundamentals. After successfully completing Module 2, students will:
Understand the basic operation and performance characteristics of electric light sources
Understand how discharge light sources operate as part of a lamp/ballast system Be able to identify commonly used electric light sources and understand where and how they are applied Ready to begin? Lets start with..
1900 --1910
1930s
1950 --1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000 ---
2000s
Lamp Efficacy
Incandescent/Halogen 10 - 30 LPW Fluorescent 60 - 109 LPW Mercury 40 - 58 LPW Metal Halide 67 - 115 LPW High Pressure Sodium 71 - 145 LPW Low Pressure Sodium 100 - 180 LPW
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Incandescent Lamps
Definition: an incandescent lamp (generally known as a filament lamp) produces light using the principle of incandescence when a tungsten filament is sufficiently heated by passing electric current through it, it will glow and emit light.
Types: there are two general families of filament lamps: incandescent and halogen (more on halogen a little later).
Filament lamps are still the most common light source. They are available in a myriad of shapes, sizes, light output, and cost. Anybody for a flame-shaped yellow bug light?
Wattage Interchangeability
Construction
Envelope (Bulb) Tungsten Filament Gas Stem Press Supports Fuse, within the
lead-in wires
Base
Lamp Shapes
C-7
S-11
B10
Linear 2-base
PS
A-15-19
Lamp Life
Mortality Curves
Percent Survivors
100
80
60 40 20 0 0 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
50% Survivors
Standard Incandescent
Large Surface Area to Minimize Bulb Blackening 750 - 1000 Hour Life Atmospheric Pressure
Halogen
Compact, High Pressure Capsule High Density Fill Gases Halogen Cycle
Low Voltage
Bi-pin Halogen MR-11 and MR-16 AR-70, AR-111 AR-111 Bi-pin MR-16 Bayonet base
MR 16
Easily Dimmable
Wide variety of shapes and sizes
Reflector
Halogen Capsule
Light
Smaller filaments provide improved beam control Typically longer life than line voltage lamps
100 Watts
Low Voltages Use Thicker, More Rugged Filaments
12 Volt
270 m Diameter
70 m Diameter
45 m Diameter
Lumen Maintenance
Tungsten Halogen
90.0
Fluorescent
85.0 80.0 75.0 70.0 65.0 60.0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Incandescent
Metal Halide
Halogen and Dimming The halogen cycle only works when the inside wall of the capsule is above 250 C. If you dim a halogen lamp too low, the cycle stops and the inside of the capsule becomes gray. To fix the problem, just operate at full power for a short while and the capsule will be cleaned.
Spectral Characteristics
Strong in red/orange
Weak in blue
Fluorescent Lamps
Lamp Efficacy
Incandescent 10 - 30 LPW Fluorescent 60 - 109 LPW Mercury 40 - 58 LPW Metal Halide 67 - 115 LPW High Pressure Sodium 71 - 145 LPW Low Pressure Sodium 100 - 180 LPW
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Disadvantages
Requires a ballast
Long life
Good CRI Variety of Color Temperatures Low cost per lumen Wide array of fixture types Low glare source Dimmable
Phosphor
Base
Hot Cathode
Electron
Argon
Ultraviolet Radiation
Mercury Atom
Phosphor Coatings
Phosphor
A substance that converts one wavelength to another Typically, inorganic compounds that fluoresce when exposed to 254 nm radiation
Halo phosphors
Calcium halophosphate compounds
Inexpensive
Phosphor Coatings
Tri phosphors
Also called rare earth phosphors Many are compounds of rare earth elements
Expensive
Lamp Circuits
There are several types of fluorescent lamp circuits:
Preheat Oldest type; not in common use today Rapid Start Mostly used in T12, T12 HO, and T12 VHO systems; not energy efficient Instant Start
F32T8/735
F = Fluorescent 32 = Nominal Lamp Wattage T = Tubular 8 = Bulb diameter in eighths of an inch 7 = 700 series phosphor CRI between 70 and 79
35 = 3500K CCT
T8 (265 mA) T12 (425 mA) T12 (430 mA) T12 (800 mA) T12 (1500 mA)
Lamp Life
Lamp type Average rated life can vary from 6000 hours for some compact fluorescent lamps to 24,000 hours for some T8 lamps. Lamp life is based on a burn cycle of 3 hours on and 20 minutes off. With longer on cycles, life can be as high as 36,000 hours for some T8 lamps. As with incandescent, average rated life is based on 50% survivors of a large sample size.
Compact fluorescent Screw base Compact fluorescent Pin base F40 CW/RS F96T12/HO
Life,
hours
6,000 10,000 20,000 12,000
F32T8 RE
F96T8/HO F28T5 Electrodeless
24,000
18,000 20,000 60,000+
Fluorescent
Starting Cycles
150
100 0 5 10 15 20
Temperature Effects
T8/T5 LUMEN OUTPUT VS. TEMPERATURE
110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
o
T5 T8
40
45
50
55
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE C
Most contemporary fluorescent lamps (triphosphor types) have a discontinuous or line color spectrum
Different ratios of the red, green, and blue phosphor produce the variety of CCTs CCT typically 3000K 4100K
Provide necessary electrical conditions to start and operate lamps Two general categories electromagnetic (or just magnetic) and electronic
Thermal Switch (Class P) Core Consists of stacked steel plates laminated together. With the coils, transforms the current to control the lamps.
Capacitor For power factor correction, phase displacement and current limiting. Found only in high power factor ballasts.
Electro-magnetic Ballast
Electronic Ballast
Electronic Magnetic
Electronic
Greater number of components Smaller and lighter than magnetic More energy efficient lower losses and operates lamp more efficiently No flicker due to high frequency operation Used in majority of new T8, T5, and CF fixtures Variety of operation rapid start, instant start, programmed start, dimmable
Ballast Factor
Definition: Ratio of lamp lumens when operated on a commercial ballast (actual lumens) to the lamp lumens when operated on a reference ballast (catalog lumens) B.F. = lamp lumens on commercial ballast lamp lumens on reference ballast Ballast Factor Ranges: Can vary from 0.60 to 1.28, but normally listed as 0.78 (Low), 0.88 (Normal), and 1.20 (High). Application Examples: For retrofit from T12 to T8 lamps, ballast factor can be used to tune the light levels relative to the original level. If original level is too high, low ballast factor ballast can be used to increase energy savings (rather than de-lamp). For new fixtures, high ballast factor ballast might allow use of 2-lamp fixture rather than 3-lamp fixture.
System Efficacy
For discharge light sources, there are actually two efficacy metrics: Lamp efficacy as we have learned, nominal lamp lumens per nominal lamp watts. However, when the power losses and operating characteristics of the ballast are considered (type of circuit and ballast factor), then a second, more useful metric is used: System efficacy actual lamp lumens per total system wattage. The actual lamp lumens in this case includes adjustment for ballast factor. Total system wattage is defined as the input watts to the ballast which includes lamp operating wattage and ballast power losses.
Lamp Efficacy
Incandescent 10 - 30 LPW Fluorescent 60 - 109 LPW Mercury 40 - 58 LPW Metal Halide 67 - 115 LPW High Pressure Sodium 71 - 145 LPW Low Pressure Sodium 100 - 180 LPW
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Mercury Lamps
Oldest HID technology Lowest efficacy of HID types Not much better than halogen Poor Fair CRI High CCT Poor lumen maintenance Strong color shift as they age turns green! Basically obsolete due to recent legislation banning mercury ballasts Allows replacement lamps, but no new fixtures
Elements are added to the arc tube to improve performance (e.g., sodium, scandium, along with argon gas)
Disadvantages
Outer Jacket (OJ) - Envelope Provides clean/temp controlled environment for arc tube Filters out UV Hard Glass (borosilicate) Sizes BT56, BT37, BT28, ET18, E17, PAR38, T6, etc.
BT56
BT37
BT28
ET18
ET23.5
E17
ED17
PAR38
PAR30LN
PAR20
T6/G12
MH Lumen Maintenance
Lumens
15,000
12,500
Standard MH
10,000
7,500 5,000 2,500 0
5000
10000
15000
20000
Operating Hours
Most efficient of the popular lamp types Contain mostly sodium and small amount of mercury plus xenon gas Used almost exclusively for outdoor lighting roadway, security, flood lighting, faade, airport Various types available ECO, non-cycling, high CRI, standby
HID Ballasts
Electronic types available for some lower wattage lamps, mainly 20W 400W MH
Newer magnetic types (for pulse start MH) use a special starting component called an ignitor
Electronic
Smaller and lighter than magnetic Can have very good power regulation Do not increase lamp efficiency (as in fluorescent) Not high frequency Can provide improved lumen maintenance and reduced color shift, therefore potentially longer life Not available in higher wattages; more expensive than magnetic types
The lighting market for LEDs is still very small, but growing
New product development more akin to electronics industry than to lighting industry
LED Packages
LED chips are packaged with various configurations Simple twin lead (original method) Flat package (SMD) with single LED Flat package with multiple LED chips
Easiest method from a cost and simplicity standpoint is #2 above. CCT, lumens, and CRI are fixed for #2 and #3. To dynamically adjust CCT, lumens, and CRI, discrete R, G, and B LEDs are necessary
Application Issues
LED life ratings Based on 70% lumen maintenance point, not mortality Different maintenance requirements for various applications IES LM-79 and LM-80 have been adopted to define LED life and lumen maintenance Thermal design Proper heat sinking required to achieve rated life Auxiliary forced cooling may be required (air or water)
Optical performance
Secondary optics can be selected for various beam spreads Ambient conditions While an LEDs light output is not as temperature sensitive as fluorescent, high ambient temperatures must be taken into account when heat sinking Humidity and dirt conditions must also be considered
Daylight Can be used to supplement or replace electric lighting Needs to be integrated into the architectural and lighting design for buildings to properly take advantage of it for energy savings
Congratulations you have concluded Module 2. Now, its time for the quiz.
Good luck!