Kingdom Eubacteria

Kingdom Eubacteria
Unicellular

(single-cell) Prokaryotes (no membrane-bound organelles) Cell Walls contain peptidoglycan, not cellulose First appeared approximately 3.7 BYA

Nutrition

Autotrophs- manufacture organic compounds Photoautotrophs- use light energy & CO2 Chemoautotrophs-use inorganic substances like H2S, NH3, and other nitrogen compounds Heterotrophs- obtain energy by consuming organic compounds parasites- get energy from living organisms saprobes (saprophytes)- get energy from dead, decaying matter; also called decomposers

Heterotroph Ingestion & Digestion

Bacteria

cells digest foods by releasing enzymes (which are usually poisonous) outside the cells and into their food. This is called Extra-cellular digestion. digested foods are then absorbed by diffusion or active transport.

The

Oxygen Preferences
obligate

aerobes must have oxygen obligate anaerobes cannot live in oxygen facultative anaerobes can grow with or without oxygen

Characteristics used for Classification:

RNA

sequences and structure type of nutrition ability to produce endospores- resistant structures with cytoplasm and DNA method of movement shape, and the way the cells are grouped composition of cell wall and its ability to absorb stain

General Characteristics
are

found almost everywhere are often pathogenic (they make us sick!) are divided into groups according to:
their shape grouping cell wall ability to absorb stains

Shapes
Coccus

= spherical (coccus came from the Greek word for berries!) Bacillus = rod-shaped Spirilla = spiral-shaped

Grouping
Diplo-

Pairs Streptos- Chains Staphylo- Clusters

http://genome.microbio.uab.edu/strep/info/strep5.gif

http://library.thinkquest.org/03oct/00520/gallery/thumbnails/thumb_diplococcus.jpg

Examples of Spherical-shaped cells Coccus (sng) , cocci (pl)

A Group of Two is referred to as: Diplo.. This is diplococccus

A Cluster of cells is referred to as: Staphylo. This is Staphylococcus

What a slide of Typical coccus looks like in a microscope.

Coccus

http://www.uleth.ca/bio/bio1010/Coccus1.jpg

Streptococcus aurelius

Strep Throat

Staph Infection

Rod-shaped cells Bacillus (sng) , Bacilli (pl)

Typical Bacillus

Bacillus

http://er1.org/docs/photos/Anthrax/bacillus%20anthracis%20-03.jpg

Typical Bacillus in a Microscope

Spiral-shaped cells Spirillum (sng) , Spirlli (pl)

Spirochetes

Gram Stain
A

staining method to differentiate bacteria

Gram-negative

refers to the inability to retain the deep violet dye

Gram-positive

refers to the ability to retain the deep violet dye

Gram Staining

Gram Negative cells

Gram Positive Cells

Bacterial Diseases
Anthrax
Botulism Lyme

Disease Salmonella Tetanus Tooth decay Tuberculosis

Bacteria Photos
Clostridium perfringes

Anthrax

Bacteria Photos

E. coli
Clostridium tetani

Bacteria Photos

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Staphylococcus aureus

Bacteria Photos

Strep

Cyanobacteria
are

photosynthetic autotrophs that produce carbohydrates and oxygen tend to cling together in chains or colonies contain enzymes that allow them to fix atmospheric nitrogen

http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/maderbiology7/graphics/mader07b/online_vrl/images/0510l.jpg

Filamentous: Chain of cells

http://www.spea.indiana.edu/joneswi/e455/Anabaena.jpg

Oscillatoria

http://botit.botany.wisc.edu:16080/images/130/Bacteria/Cyanobacteria/Oscillatoria/Oscillatoria_MC.jpg

Anabaena

_ http://www.bio.mtu.edu/~jkoyadom/algae_webpage/ALGAL_IMAGES/cyanobacteria/Anabaena_jason_dbtow17 2016.jpg

Some filamentous cyanobacteria have Heterocysts, which are Nitrogen-fixing structures

http://www.people.vcu.edu/~elhaij/IntroBioinf/Scenarios/heterocyst2.JPG

The role of bacteria in the Nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen-fixation
some

soil bacteria live in the ground and take in Nitrogen from the surroundings.
Nitrogen is combined with oxygen to form nitrites and nitrates. Plants use the nitrates and nitrites to make proteins.

the

Denitrification
some

soil bacteria break down the nitrogen compounds and release the nitrogen back into the environment.
could not live without Nitrogen-fixing and Denitrifying bacteria.

plants

Asexual Reproduction
Binary

Fission cells grow in size the split in two. Genetically identical

Sexual Reproduction (exchanging DNA) Conjugation

two

bacteria join together and exchange portions of DNA

Transformation
DNA is taken in by a bacterium, and then used.

Transduction
DNA is transferred to a bacterium by a virus.

Endospores
When

environmental factors become harsh bacteria will either die or form endospores. If bacteria have time, if the environmental changes are slow enough, they usually form endospores.

Examples of Symbiotic Relationships

Mutualism

E. coli in the intestines of mammals aid in digestion. some bacteria are parasites. They live in a host and eventually overpopulate. As they do they use the hosts food and water, and eventually they starve the tissues.

Parasitism

Beneficial Uses/Effects
chemical

recyclers (Nitrogen Cycle) the production of HGH, Insulin, Etc., through Genetic Engineering oil spill cleanup synthesis of Vitamins in your intestines