What is communication ?

Ans Exchange of information.

What are requirement of communication ? Ans . 1. min. Two persons(one man can`t communicate alone) 2.media (letter or verbal ) means connectivity. 3. Introduction (they would be well known to each other) 4.There should be some rules of communication. 5. Common topic (information) to share / transferred

What is network ?
Stand alone only one computer Network describes two or more connected computers that can share resources such as data ,a printer , an internet connection , application or a combination of these

Types of netwok
Depending on geographical coverage Local area network (LAN) in a limited geographical area such as home, school, computer laboratory, office building, or closely positioned group of buildings.

Metropolitan area network- (MAN) A metropolitan area network is a large computer network that usually spans a city or a large campus

Wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a large geographic area such as a city, country, or spans even intercontinental distances, using a communications channel that combines many types of media such as telephone lines, cables. WAN technologies generally function at the lower three layers of the OSI reference model: the physical layer, the data link layer, and the network layer.

Type of network
Depending on the architecture of the network Peer to peer - connected computers have no centralized authority , all of these computers are equal

Client server it is designed to manage the entire network from centralized point , which is server . Client makes requests to server and the server responds with information or access to a resource.

Domain network logical grouping of computers in which all the computers share a common directory services, that contains user account resources , security and other information. All administration task s are centralized to a NT server. Users log in the domain instead of one particular server

Network on the basis access

Type of data transfer or WAN Connection Types

Dedicated - Leased lines Circuit switching - When you hear the term circuit switching, think phone call. The big advantage is costyou only pay for the time you actually use. No data can be transfered before an end-to-end connection is established. Circuit switching uses dial-up modems or ISDN and is used for lowbandwidth data transfers.

Packet switching
Packet switching is a digital networking communications method that groups all transmitted data regardless of content, type, or structure into suitably-sized blocks, called packets packect swirching Mode 1- connectionless 2. connection-oriented

 To be short Two major packet switching modes exist; connectionless packet switching, also known as datagram switching, and connection-oriented packet switching, also known as virtual circuit switching. In the first case each packet includes complete addressing or routing information. The packets are routed individually, sometimes resulting in different paths and out-of-order delivery. In the second case a connection is defined and preallocated in each involved node before any packet is transferred. The packets include a connection identifier rather than address information, and are delivered in order

LAN Devices
Repeaters It regenerates and propagate the signals to proper amplitudes and sends them to the other segments. Works on OSI layer 1 Hub -A hub is really a multiple-port repeater.Works on OSI layer 1. Bridges A bridge can read the destination MAC (media access control) from the data frame. Bridges operate on the OSI Model Data Link Layer 2. Switches a switch is an intelligent device that maps the IP address with the MAC address of the LAN card. Works on OSI layer 2 .

LAN Devices
Routers - A router is used to route data packets between two networks. A router is a communication device that is used to connect two logically and physically different networks, two LANs, two WANs and a LAN with WAN. Works on OSI layer 3. They can connect networks with different architectures such as Token Ring and Ethernet.

The Layered Approach

A reference model is a conceptual blueprint of how communications should take place. It addresses all the processes required for effective communication and divides these processes into logical groupings called layers When a communication system is designed in this manner, its known as layered architecture. The communication processes that are related to each other are bound, or grouped together, at a particular layer
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The Layered Approach

A reference model is a conceptual blueprint of how communications should take place. It addresses all the processes required for effective communication and divides these processes into logical groupings called layers. When a communication system is designed in this manner, its known as layered architecture.

The Seven Layers of the OSI Model (Cont.)

The Application Layer

Acts as an interface between the actual application and the next layer down Responsible for identifying and establishing the availability of the intended communication partner, and determining whether sufficient resources for the intended communication exist.

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The Presentation Layer

presents data to the Application layer responsible for data translation and code formatting. the data is adapted into a standard format before transmission. ensures that data transferred from the Application layer of one system can be read by the Application layer of another one. Tasks like data compression, decompression, encryption, and decryption are associated with presentation layer.
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The Session Layer

responsible for setting up, managing, and then tearing down sessions between Presentation layer entities. provides dialogue control between devices coordinates communication between systems, and serves to organize their communication by offering three different modes:
simplex, half duplex, and full duplex.

keeps different applications data separate

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The Transport Layer

segments and reassembles data into a data stream. provide end-to-end data transport services establish a logical connection between the sending host and destination host on an internetwork. provide mechanisms for multiplexing upper-layer applications, establishing sessions, and tearing down virtual circuits. hides details of any network-dependent information from the higher layers by providing transparent data transfer.
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The Seven Layers of the OSI Model

Data Encapsulation

Data De-Encapsulation

Peer-to-Peer Communication

PDU and layer addressing

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