Measurement Technology and Industrial Electrical Engineering

Lund University, Sweden

Island Operation with Induction Generators

Fault Analysis and Protection

Francesco Sulla
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Francesco Sulla
Power blackouts happen... (Sweden 2003 and 2005)



Utilities must pay compensation
costs





Island Operation of DG may reduce interruption time

Induction Generators (IG) are common among DG
Background
0 5 10 15
0
12.5
62.5
112.5
162.5
212.5
262.5
300
Interruption time [days]
C
o
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p
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a
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[
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Francesco Sulla
Objectives
Study the protection of a distribution network in island
operation with IG

Analyze the behavior of the IG during earth-fault and short-
circuit conditions through simulations
Different from the behavior of a synchronous generator?
How the STATCOM influences this behavior?

Requirements on the protection system:
Change as little as possible from the actual situation
Find solutions (least costly as possible) to assure correct
fault clearing and compliance with law requirements
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Francesco Sulla
Content
Self-excited induction generator (SEIG)
Behavior of the SEIG at earth-faults
Behavior of the SEIG at short-circuits
Unselective / Selective Protection
Earth-fault Protection
Short-circuit Protection and faults on the LV system
LV Ride-through capability of a SEIG
Conclusions
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Francesco Sulla
Content
Self-excited induction generator (SEIG)
Behavior of the SEIG at earth-faults
Behavior of the SEIG at short-circuits
Unselective / Selective Protection
Earth-fault Protection
Short-circuit Protection and faults on the LV system
LV Ride-through capability of a SEIG
Conclusions
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Francesco Sulla
Self-excited induction generator (SEIG)
The intersection gives the
operating point at no-load
The IG may self-excite
if C are connected at its
terminals

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Francesco Sulla
Self-excited induction generator (SEIG)
The intersection
is the new stable
operating point
with a load
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Current [A]
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

[
V
]
No-load
Operating
point
C
IG With load
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Francesco Sulla
Self-excited induction generator (SEIG)
The procedure can be repeated for different
frequencies.
The intersection
represents all the
possible stable
operating points
IG With load
C
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Francesco Sulla
Self-excited induction generator (SEIG)
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Francesco Sulla
Content
Self-excited induction generator (SEIG)
Behavior of the SEIG at earth-faults
Behavior of the SEIG at short-circuits
Unselective / Selective Protection
Earth-fault Protection
Short-circuit Protection and faults on the LV system
LV Ride-through capability of a SEIG
Conclusions
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Francesco Sulla
Behavior of the SEIG at earth-faults
Actual situation with Petersen coil earthing
The distribution network.....


IG
I
f

I
Cap

CB
I
Petersen

R
N
+jX
Pet

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Francesco Sulla
Behavior of the SEIG at earth-faults
IG
I
f

I
Cap

CB
In island operation the distribution network may be
unearthed
Unearthed system with an IG in island
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Francesco Sulla
Behavior of the SEIG at earth-faults
IG
I
f

I
Cap

Unearthed system with an IG in island
CB
In island operation the distribution network may be
unearthed
R
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+jX
Pet

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Francesco Sulla
Behavior of the SEIG at earth-faults
CB
IG
I
f

I
Petersen
I
Cap

Island operation with Petersen coil earthing
CB
Resonant earthing is also possible in island operation
R
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+jX
Pet

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Francesco Sulla
Behavior of the SEIG at earth-faults
At a phase-to-earth fault on an unearthed or
resonant-earthed MV network, the SEIG does not
demagnetize
The IG can be
represented by:

E behind X





Z
neg

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Francesco Sulla
Content
Self-excited induction generator (SEIG)
Behavior of the SEIG at earth-faults
Behavior of the SEIG at short-circuits
Unselective / Selective Protection
Earth-fault Protection
Short-circuit Protection and faults on the LV system
LV Ride-through capability of a SEIG
Conclusions
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Francesco Sulla
Behavior of the SEIG at short-circuits

The IG three-phase short-circuit current decays





L limits the current magnitude; T
r
determines how
fast the sinusoidal current component decays

A more accurate short-circuit current formula is
derived in the thesis

Two cases considered in the simulations:
400 kVA with T
r
= 16,8 ms
1 MVA with T
r
= 33,5 ms
( )
'
cos( ) cos( )
2 2
s r
t t
T T
a s
s
U
i t t e e
L
t t
e | |
e

| |
= + + +
|
\ .
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Francesco Sulla
Behavior of the SEIG at short-circuits
The SEIG demagnetizes at any short-circuit in the
network
Large IG demagnetize slower than small IG
Phase-phase short-circuits cause slower demagnetization
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
0
5
10
Three-phase short-circuit
I
A

[
p
u
]
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
0
5
10
I
A

[
p
u
]
time [s]
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
0
5
10
Phase-phase short-circuit
I
A

[
p
u
]
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
0
5
10
I
A

[
p
u
]
time [s]
400 kVA
400 kVA
1000 kVA
1000 kVA
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Francesco Sulla
Behavior of the SEIG at short-circuits
A STATCOM does not influence much the short-circuit
current of a SEIG
0.96 0.98 1 1.02 1.04 1.06
0
2
4
6
I
a

(
p
.
u
.
)
Three-phase short-circuit


0.96 0.98 1 1.02 1.04 1.06
0
0.5
1
time (s)
S
T
A
T
C
O
M

C
u
r
r
e
n
t
s

(
p
.
u
.
)


I
STATCOM
I
q
I
d
without STATCOM
with STATCOM
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Francesco Sulla
Content
Self-excited induction generator (SEIG)
Behavior of the SEIG at earth-faults
Behavior of the SEIG at short-circuits
Unselective / Selective Protection
Earth-fault Protection
Short-circuit Protection and faults on the LV system
LV Ride-through capability of a SEIG
Conclusions
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Francesco Sulla
Selectivity
Is it possible to achieve selectivity in a bigger island-operated
system with SEIG?

IG
CB
Rela
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R
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Francesco Sulla
Unselective protection

IG
CB
Rela
y
SEIG is disconnected

Unselective / Selective Protection
R
N
+jX
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Francesco Sulla
Selective protection

IG
CB
Rela
y
Only faulted feeder is disconnected

Unselective / Selective Protection
R
N
+jX
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Francesco Sulla
Unselective / Selective Protection
Unselective protection:
Small island systems
No need to change feeder relay settings
Protection relays at SEIG station

Selective protection:
Bigger island systems
Need to change feeder relay settings (before and after)
Ride through capability of the SEIG?

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
a) b)
V
A

[
p
u
]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
V
A

[
p
u
]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
V
A

[
p
u
]
time [s]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
5
10
15
20
I
f

[
p
u
]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.5
1
1.5
I
f

[
p
u
]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
I
f

[
p
u
]
time [s]
Z
Lph
+Z
LPE
=0O
Z
Lph
+Z
LPE
=0O
Z
Lph
+Z
LPE
=0.8O Z
Lph
+Z
LPE
=0.8O
Z
Lph
+Z
LPE
=1.5O
Z
Lph
+Z
LPE
=1.5O
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Francesco Sulla
Content
Self-excited induction generator (SEIG)
Behavior of the SEIG at earth-faults
Behavior of the SEIG at short-circuits
Unselective / Selective Protection
Earth-fault Protection
Short-circuit Protection and faults on the LV system
LV Ride-through capability of a SEIG
Conclusions
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Francesco Sulla
Unselective Earth-fault Protection
High resistive earth-faults up to 5 k must be
disconnected

The zero sequence voltage V
0
must be used for high
resistive earth-fault detection
Unearthed network
Resonant-earthed network


Negative sequence current is too small for high resistive
earth-faults and cannot be used for protection
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
a) b)
V
A

[
p
u
]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
V
A

[
p
u
]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
V
A

[
p
u
]
time [s]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
5
10
15
20
I
f

[
p
u
]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.5
1
1.5
I
f

[
p
u
]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
I
f

[
p
u
]
time [s]
Z
Lph
+Z
LPE
=0O
Z
Lph
+Z
LPE
=0O
Z
Lph
+Z
LPE
=0.8O Z
Lph
+Z
LPE
=0.8O
Z
Lph
+Z
LPE
=1.5O
Z
Lph
+Z
LPE
=1.5O
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Francesco Sulla
Unselective Earth-fault Protection
In unearthed networks:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
a) b)
V
A

[
p
u
]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
V
A

[
p
u
]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
V
A

[
p
u
]
time [s]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
5
10
15
20
I
f

[
p
u
]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.5
1
1.5
I
f

[
p
u
]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
I
f

[
p
u
]
time [s]
Z
Lph
+Z
LPE
=0O
Z
Lph
+Z
LPE
=0O
Z
Lph
+Z
LPE
=0.8O Z
Lph
+Z
LPE
=0.8O
Z
Lph
+Z
LPE
=1.5O
Z
Lph
+Z
LPE
=1.5O
V
0
decreases with C
tot


C
tot
must be limited to
detect high resistive faults

Only limited amount of
cables is allowed

V
0




I
neg
Rf = 5 k
0 2 4 6 8
x 10
-6
0
0.5
V
0

[
p
u
]
0 2 4 6 8
x 10
-6
0
1
2
C
t ot
[F]
I
n

(
%
)
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Francesco Sulla
Unselective Earth-fault Protection
In resonant earthed networks attention must be given to
the Petersen coil tuning
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
a) b)
V
A

[
p
u
]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
V
A

[
p
u
]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
V
A

[
p
u
]
time [s]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
5
10
15
20
I
f

[
p
u
]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.5
1
1.5
I
f

[
p
u
]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
I
f

[
p
u
]
time [s]
Z
Lph
+Z
LPE
=0O
Z
Lph
+Z
LPE
=0O
Z
Lph
+Z
LPE
=0.8O Z
Lph
+Z
LPE
=0.8O
Z
Lph
+Z
LPE
=1.5O
Z
Lph
+Z
LPE
=1.5O
Calculations
0 1 2 3 4 5
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
V
0

[
p
.
u
.
]
time [s]
Earth-fault with R
f
= 5 kO and 5 km cables
100%
Compensation
50 100 150 200 250
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.11
Z
e
r
o

s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e

v
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
p
u
)
Compensation level (%)
Earth-fault with R
f
= 5000 O
5 km cables

10 km cables
Simulations with SEIG
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Francesco Sulla
Unselective Earth-fault Protection
The zero sequence voltage must be sensed on the D-
side of the step-up transformer
traditionally, use 3 broken-delta connected VTs
estimate V
0
by using only 1 VT on the D-side
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
a) b)
V
A

[
p
u
]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
V
A

[
p
u
]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
V
A

[
p
u
]
time [s]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
5
10
15
20
I
f

[
p
u
]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.5
1
1.5
I
f

[
p
u
]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
I
f

[
p
u
]
time [s]
Z
Lph
+Z
LPE
=0O
Z
Lph
+Z
LPE
=0O
Z
Lph
+Z
LPE
=0.8O Z
Lph
+Z
LPE
=0.8O
Z
Lph
+Z
LPE
=1.5O
Z
Lph
+Z
LPE
=1.5O
V
0
can be accurately
estimated if all parameters
are known


The estimation is
cheaper than the
measurement

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Francesco Sulla
Selective Earth-fault Protection
Unearthed network:

SEIG sustains voltage
and currents as in the grid
connected case

Same directional earth-fault relays
can be used, theoretically
IG
I
fault

C
0,k
V
0

I
0f

I
0unf

Selectivity depends on
the total network C
0,tot
and the C
0,k
of each
single feeder
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Francesco Sulla
Selective Earth-fault Protection
Resonant-earthed network:

SEIG sustains voltage
and currents as in the grid
connected case


Same directional earth-fault relays
can be used, theoretically
IG
I
fault

V
0

I
0f

I
0unf

If the network configuration
does not change in island


Same settings can be used
as in grid connected
operation
R
N
+jX
Pet

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Francesco Sulla
Content
Self-excited induction generator (SEIG)
Behavior of the SEIG at earth-faults
Behavior of the SEIG at short-circuits
Unselective / Selective Protection
Earth-fault Protection
Short-circuit Protection and faults on LV system
LV Ride-through capability of a SEIG
Conclusions
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Francesco Sulla
Unselective Short-circuit Protection

IG
Undervoltage relays V< can be used to trip the SEIG

STATCOM should not impact on V< operation

Is selective short-circuit protection possible at all?
Rela
y
0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

[
p
.
u
.
]
time [s]
Three-phase short-circuit
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Francesco Sulla
Selective Short-circuit Protection
Normal-speed relays with operate time of 40 ms may
assure selectivity for short-circuit faults for high rating IG
Faster (20 30 ms) relaying is needed for low rating IG

Does a relay see enough fault current to trip?

- Sampled current
- Calculated Phasor
(Fourier Full Cycle)
- Relay setting
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
0
5
10
Three-phase short-circuit
I
A

[
p
u
]


0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
0
5
10
I
A

[
p
u
]
time [s]
400 kVA
1000 kVA
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Francesco Sulla
Protection on Low Voltage system
The SEIG may supply loads through a distribution
transformer

10 kV
400 V
400 V
10 kV
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Francesco Sulla
Protection on Low Voltage system
Lower fault current than in the
grid connected operation is
possible
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
a) b)
V
A

[
p
u
]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
V
A

[
p
u
]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
V
A

[
p
u
]
time [s]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
5
10
15
20
I
f

[
p
u
]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.5
1
1.5
I
f

[
p
u
]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
I
f

[
p
u
]
time [s]
Z
Lph
+Z
LPE
=0O
Z
Lph
+Z
LPE
=0O
Z
Lph
+Z
LPE
=0.8O Z
Lph
+Z
LPE
=0.8O
Z
Lph
+Z
LPE
=1.5O
Z
Lph
+Z
LPE
=1.5O
Grid connected - SEIG in island
Longer time
required by fuses
Undervoltage relay
may trip
Unselective
disconnection of SEIG
for a fault on the LV
Problem.....
0 5
0
0.5
1
Voltages
V
A

[
p
.
u
.
]
0 2 4 6
0
0.5
1
V
A

[
p
.
u
.
]
time [s]
0 5
0
10
20
I
f

[
p
.
u
.
]
Currents
0 5
0
0.5
1
1.5
I
f

[
p
.
u
.
]
time [s]
Z
LPh
+Z
LPE
=0O
Z
LPh
+Z
LPE
=0.8O
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Francesco Sulla
Content
Self-excited induction generator (SEIG)
Behavior of the SEIG at earth-faults
Behavior of the SEIG at short-circuits
Unselective / Selective Protection
Earth-fault Protection
Short-circuit Protection
LV Ride-through capability of a SEIG
Conclusions
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Francesco Sulla
LV Ride-through capability of a SEIG

Open CB1 and clear the fault after 100 ms












Is the SEIG able to ride through the fault?
Lab tests show that the SEIG is able to
remagnetize after fault clearing

IG
0.2 Pload
Pload = 0.8 SIG
0.4 Pload
0.4 Pload
CB1
Pload is partly
constituted by
motor load
=
STATCOM
Braking
Resistors
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Francesco Sulla
Motor load strongly deteriorates the short-circuit
ride-through capability of a SEIG
STATCOM and B.R.:
- 2 % Motor load
- 6 % Motor load
- 10 % Motor load
LV Ride-through capability of a SEIG

Three-phase short-circuit
LV Ride-through capability of a SEIG

0 5 10 15
0
0.5
1
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

[
p
u
]
Resistive and Motor load
0 5 10 15
1
1.5
S
p
e
e
d

[
p
u
]
time [s]
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Francesco Sulla
SEIG with STATCOM and B.R. has good ride-through
capability for earth-faults
Earth-fault
LV Ride-through capability of a SEIG

STATCOM and B.R.:
Solid earth-fault in
unearthed network
cleared after 1 s
0 5 10 15
0.9
1
1.1
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

[
p
u
]
10% Motor load, 5 km cable
0 5 10 15
0.9
1
1.1
S
p
e
e
d

[
p
u
]
time [s]
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Francesco Sulla
Conclusions
SEIG demagnetizes for short-circuits but not for earth-faults

Unselective protection can be achieved with V< and V
0
>
relays. New algorithm for calculating V
0


SEIG sustains the voltage at an earth-fault, therefore
selective earth-fault protection is possible

The IG is capable of riding through an earth-fault

Selective short-circuit protection is easier for high rating IG.
Ride through may not be satisfactory

Faults on the Low Voltage system may cause unselective
tripping of the SEIG
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Francesco Sulla
Future Work
Lab short-circuit tests with STATCOM, earth-fault
tests. Check selectivity issues

On field test of the V
0
estimation algorithm


Further investigation on ride-through capability.
Possibility for improvements? How other generation
source type impact on it?

Further investigate the impact of faults on the Low
Voltage distribution system

Analyze Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)