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In studying thermodynamics
Surroundings
SYSTEM
and A is in thermal equilibrium with B and B is in thermal equilibrium with C, then A is in thermal equilibrium with C.
Work (W)
difference of the heat (Q) added/removed to/from the system and the work (W) done on/by the system.
U = Q W
of work is done on the system. What is the change in internal energy of the system?
Thermodynamic Processes
Adiabatic (constant heat)
Isothermal (constant temperature) Isochoric (constant volume)
Heat can flow spontaneously from a hot object; heat will not flow spontaneously from a cold object to a hot object.
ENGIN E
WORK
Cold Reservoir
Heat Engine
It is a machine that converts heat energy into
mechanical energy. Can be classified as external combustion and internal combustion engines.
Water-Tube Type
It is common with
stationary engines and turbines. Water is allowed to pass through tubes while the flames and hot gaseous products of combustion follow a path over around tubes.
Fire-Tube Type
Used in steam
locomotives Flames and heat are made to enter the tubes which are horizontally arranged in the boiler and are surrounded by water.
Gasoline Engines
These are engines whose
Intake Stroke
Compression Stroke
Power Stroke
Exhaust Stroke
Diesel Engines
These are engines whose
the engine during one cycle to the energy absorbed at the higher temperature (QH) during the cycle.
Sadi Carnot
A French engineer who
established the concept of an ideal engine known as the Carnot engine. He developed the Carnots theorem which states that No real engine operating between two energy reservoirs can be more efficient than a Carnot engine operating between the same two reservoirs.
difference of the hot and cold reservoirs. You cant have it all.
expels heat at 1730 K reservoir, what is its efficiency? How about if the engine extracts heat from a 10 730 K reservoir instead? What if the engine reservoirs are working at the same temperatures?
Wait a minute
It is possible to produce work from heat that is heat
transferred from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir. Would it be possible to do the reverse?
It is impossible to construct a heat engine that, operating in a cycle, produces no effect other than the absorption of energy from a reservoir and the performance of an equal amount of work.
Heat Pumps
These are heat engines running in reverse.
Heat is transferred from a cold reservoir to a hot
reservoir by performing work. This is done through the aid of phase change. Examples are refrigerators and air conditioning units.
Refrigerators
Questions to Ponder
What do you notice with heat engines and heat
pumps? What do they have in common? What is its impact to the environment?
Entropy
Natural processes tend to undergo increased state of
The total entropy of an isolated system that undergoes a change can never decrease.
Entropy increases