EE402 Digital Signal Processing

Fall 2012
Adil Masood Siddiqui
dradil@mcs.edu.pk
Introduction
Course Details
Course Serial

EE 402

Credit Hours

3+1

Title

Digital Signal Processing

Instructor

Dr Adil Masood Siddiqui
Class Timings

Mon: Lab(CAD) Lab 0800-1050 hrs 47B
Tue: Lec (CR-31) 0800-0950 hrs 47C
Wed:Lec (CR-37) 0800-0950 hrs 47C
Wed: STI 1120-1210 47C
Wed:Lec (CR-28) 0800-0950 hrs 47B
Thur: Lab (Cptr Lab 2) 0800-1050 hrs 47B
STI 1120-1210 47B
Fri: Lec (CR-32) 0800-0950hrs 47B
Office and Consulting Timings

Room Number 214 EE Department Shu al
Qamar Block First Floor, Consultation during
STI or by appointment
Teaching Assistance

Mr Rehan Khalid
Course Details
Grading Policy Sessional Marks: 20 Marks (detail as under)
Quizzes, Assignments and projects
Two One hourly tests 15 Marks Each (Mid Oct and End Nov), Final Exam 30
Marks
Text/Reference
Books
Discrete Time Signal Processing by Oppenheim ,Ronald Schafer and Buck
2
nd
Edition.
Digital Signal Processing: A Practical Approach by Emmanuel C, Ifeacher
and Barrie W. Jerris
Syllabus Outline
Review of Discrete-Time signals and systems; Discrete-Time
Fourier Transform (DTFT); z-transform, Sampling of Continuous
Time Signals
More about sampling: DT/Digital Processing of Analog signals;
Multi-rate DTSP
Frequency Domain Analysis of LTI Systems
Structures for DT systems: Signal Flow Graphs, Implementation
and Noise Issues
Design of DT Filters
Practical computation of the DTFT: the Discrete Fourier
Transform (DFT); Computation of the DFT(FFT)
Hilbert Transform.
Brief introduction to DSP processor architecture.

Signal Processing
Humans are the most advanced signal processors
speech and pattern recognition, speech synthesis,
We encounter many types of signals in various applications
Electrical signals: voltage, current, magnetic and electric fields,
Mechanical signals: velocity, force, displacement,
Acoustic signals: sound, vibration,
Other signals: pressure, temperature,
Most real-world signals are analog
They are continuous in time and amplitude
Convert the voltage or currents using sensors and transducers
Analog circuits process these signals using
Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, Amplifiers,
Analog signal processing examples
Audio processing in FM radios
Video processing in traditional TV sets

Limitations of Analog Signal Processing
Accuracy limitations due to
Component tolerances
Undesired nonlinearities
Limited repeatability due to
Tolerances
Changes in environmental conditions
Temperature
Vibration
Sensitivity to electrical noise
Limited dynamic range for voltage and currents
Inflexibility to changes
Difficulty of implementing certain operations
Nonlinear operations
Time-varying operations
Difficulty of storing information
DSP Introduction
Application of mathematical operations to digitally represent data
These are tricks or algorithms which we apply to input data to get
desired output
A/D DSP D/A
analog
signal
analog
signal
digital
signal
digital
signal
Analog input analog output
Digital recording of music
Analog input digital output
Touch tone phone dialing
Digital input analog output
Text to speech
Digital input digital output
Compression of a file on computer
General Introduction
Examples
11
Examples
Digital Images
Images are basically 2D arrays
(matrices) of numbers arranged as MXN
Applications

Basic Types of Digital Signals
Basic Types of Digital Signals
Cosine Signals
Delayed Version of Signal
Exponential Signals
Basic Operations
Ideal Delay: y[n]=x[n-d]
All operations in DSP are sample to sample basis. First align the
signals and then apply whole arithmetic
Multiplication of Signals
Unit Impulse Function
Review:
An impulse function in discrete time domain is
same as delta in continuous time domain.
X[n] is nothing but sum of weighted, shifted
impulses.
A signal can be delayed (shifted)

Discrete-Time Systems
Linear Time Systems
Properties of DTS:
1. Linearity (Principle of Superposition)
(a) Additivity:

Linear
System
X
1
[n]
X
2
[n]
Y
1
[n]
Y
2
[n]
X
1
[n]+ X
2
[n] Y
1
[n]+ Y
2
[n]
| | | |
| | | | | |
] [ ] [
] [ ] [ ] [ ] [
] [ ] [ ] [ ] [
2 1
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1
n y n y
n x T n x T n x n x T
n y n y n x n x T
+ =
+ = +
+ +
Properties of DTS:
1. Linearity (Principle of Superposition)
(a) Additivity:
Non-Linear Examples:
Square
Log

Properties of DTS:
1. Linearity (Principle of Superposition)
(b) Scalability Or Homogeneity:

Linear
System
aX
1
[n]
bX
2
[n]
aY
1
[n]
bY
2
[n]
{ } { } ] [ ] [ ] [ n ay n x aT n ax T
Properties of DTS:
By Combining both: Using principle of
Superposition

Linear
System
aX
1
[n]
bX
2
[n]
aY
1
[n]
bY
1
[n]
aX
1
[n]+ bX
2
[n] aY
1
[n]+ bY
2
[n]
{ }
{ } { } { }
] [ ] [
] [ ] [ ] [ ] [
] [ ] [ ] [ ] [
2 1
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1
n by n ay
n x bT n x aT n bx n ax T
n by n ay n bx n ax T
+ =
+ = +
+ +
Linear Systems
Properties of DTS:
3. Causality:
The system does not depend upon the future
value

Y[n]= x[n]+x[n-1], Causal System

Y[n]= x[n]+x[n+1], Non-Causal System
Properties of DTS:
4. Stability
For stability of the system, we need bounded
input. Bounded input produces bounded output
(BIBO)


< s
< s
y
x
B n y
So
B n x
] [
] [
Properties of DTS:
5. Memory Less
If output of the system, at every n, depends upon
the input only, we call it a memory-less system.
e.g. y[n] = x[n]^2
Summation is a memory oriented system
Convolution
Convolution Sum
Convolution: Graphical
Convolve - Folding


We do not program it in Matlab this way.
Method Number 2:
Conv Sum by Graphical Method
Total Number of Points= L+M-1
Initial Value=First Index of Input x[n]+
First Index of h[n]
Range of Points
Movement of points, when index is
changed

Method Number 3:
Conv Sum by Analytical Method
a
a
n y
a a a n y
a a y
a y
a y
n a n h
n u n x
n
n
n

=
+ + + + =
+ + =
+ =
= =
=
=
+
1
1
] [
..... 1 ] [
1 ] 2 [
1 ] 1 [
1 ] 0 [
] [ ] [
] [ ] [
1
2
2
0
Example:
Method Number 3:
Conv Sum by Analytical Method

<

s s

<
=
+ + + + =
+ + =
+ =
= =
=
=
+
+
n N
a
a
a
N n
a
a
n
n y
a a a n y
a a y
a y
a y
n a n h
N n u n u n x
N
N n
n
n
n
1
1
1
1 0
1
1
0 0
] [
..... 1 ] [
1 ] 2 [
1 ] 1 [
1 ] 0 [
] [ ] [
] [ ] [ ] [
) 1 (
1
2
2
0
Example:
Properties of Convolution
Stability
Stability
Causality
Example