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--------AIChE Speaker--------this presentation is probably too long; pick and choose from this material
Introduction
Introduce Yourself Explain Why You Are Here Explain Why You Are Talking About Refineries
Agenda
this presentation is probably too long, select from:
Introduction What is the Purpose of an Oil Refinery? What Goes In/Out of the Refinery How Do You Get from Crude Oil to Products?
cont...
Agenda - Cont.
Overview
THE PURPOSE OF AN OIL REFINERY IS TO TRANSFORM RELATIVELY LOW VALUE CRUDE OIL INTO HIGH VALUE PRODUCTS AS EFFICIENTLY, PROFITABLY AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND A WAY AS POSSIBLE
Overview - Cont.
The price and quality of crudes is constantly changing. The price and specifications of the products is constantly changing. Government regulations add additional constraints. There is not much differential between the price of crude and products.
I need to design and revamp the plant utilizing the latest technology to be more efficient I need to make the plant more flexible and responsive I need to operate (control) the plant in the most efficient manner possible I need to keep the equipment running all the time
THE REFINERY
Natural Gas RX Ethylene RX Gas Stove Polyethylene (Glad Bags) Fuel (Barbeque Grills) Propane & Butane RX Naphtha (C5 - C10) Polymers (7 UP Bottles) RX RX
Gasoline Organic Chemicals (Aspirin, Hair Spray) More Polymers (Football Helmet, Astro Turf, Nylon) Jet Fuel Diesel Fuels Home Heating Oil, Lubricating Oil, Wax
Kerosene &
Conversions
Oil Well
Roads
Gasoline Specifications
Gasoline must meet many criteria which change with the time of year and geographic location. Some critical specifications are: Vapor Pressure Octane Aromatics / Benzene Content Sulfur Content Gasolines are always a blend of a number of streams in the refinery
Other Specifications
Other refinery products must meet other specifications such as: Cetane number Density Pour Point Flash Point Viscosity
So, How Do You Make Good Stuff Out Of That Gooey Crude?
So, How Do You Make Good Stuff Out Of That Gooey Crude?
So, How Do You Make Good Stuff Out Of That Gooey Crude?
REACTIONS
& SEPARATIONS
So, How Do You Make Good Stuff Out Of That Gooey Crude?
Separate crude into fractions Convert low octane components to higher octane components Convert the very heavy stuff to heavy oils Convert heavy oils to gasoline,diesel,jet fuel Remove sulfur/nitrogen through reaction Blend intermediate streams together to meet product specifications
SEPARATIONS
OTHER SEPARATIONS
FLASH DISTILLATION ABSORPTION ADSORPTION SETTLING (WATER/OIL)
REACTIONS
REACTIONS
Almost all the reactions in the refinery use special catalysts that increase the rate and selectivity of the reaction. This improves efficiency and reduces unwanted byproducts.
CAT CRACKING heavy oil --> gasoline + propylene, butane, other light ends 550 F 300 F
MINIMIZING POLLUTION
Operate Furnaces Efficiently Waste Material Goes To The Flare Stack Avoid Spills & Accidental Releases Special Treatment of Sewer Water Lots of Paper Work!
Sulfur
converted to elemental sulfur in high sulfur fuel oil in coke
Summary
Refineries are very complicated chemical processing plants that use reactions and separations to convert crude oil into gasoline and other valuable products Chemical engineers play an important role in keeping these plants running safely and efficiently