Computer Architecture and Organization

Unit -1

Digital Logic Circuits

Logic Gates Boolean Algebra Map Simplification Combinational Circuits Flip-Flops Sequential Circuits

Logic Gates
Digital Computers - Imply that the computer deals with digital information - Digital information: is represented by binary digits (0 and 1) Functions of gates can be described by : - Truth Table - Boolean Function - Karnaugh Map

GATES
Gates blocks of HW that produce 1 or 0 when input logic requirements are satisfied
Gate
Binary digital input signal

GATE

Binary digital output signal

Basic Logic Blocks

- Combinational Logic Block
: logic blocks whose output logic value depends only on the input logic values

- Sequential Logic Block

: logic blocks whose output logic value depends on the input values and the state of the blocks

Combinational Gates

BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
Boolean Algebra * Algebra with Binary(Boolean) Variable and Logic Operations * Boolean Algebra is useful in Analysis and Synthesis of Digital Logic Circuits - Input and Output signals can be represented by Boolean Variables, and - Function of the Digital Logic Circuits can be represented by Logic Operations, i.e., Boolean Function(s) - From a Boolean function, a logic diagram can be constructed using AND, OR, and I Truth Table * The most elementary specification of the function of a Digital Logic Circuit is the Truth Table - Table that describes the Output Values for all the combinations of the Input Values, called MINTERMS - n input variables 2n minterms

Logic circuit design

Equivalent Circuits

Combinational Circuits
- Multiplexer - Encoder - Decoder - Adders

Combinational Logic Circuits

MULTIPLEXER
4-to-1 Multiplexer Select S1 S0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 Output Y I0 I1 I2 I3

I0
I1 I2 I3 Y

S0 S1

ADDERS
Half Adder

Combinational Logic Circuits

y 0 0 x 0 1
x 0 0 1 1 y 0 1 0 1 c 0 0 0 1 s 0 1 1 0

y 0 1 x 1 0

c = xy

s = xy + xy =x y

x y

Full Adder
Full Adder x y 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 x y cn-1 cn cn-1 cn 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 s 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 y
0 0 0 1 c n-1 1 1 0 1

y
1 0 c n-1 1 0

1 0

0 1

cn

cn = xy + xcn-1+ ycn-1 = xy + (x y)cn-1 s = xycn-1+xycn-1+xycn-1+xycn-1 = x y cn-1 = (x y) cn-1 S

Encoder

NAND gate decoder

Sequential Logic Blocks

Flip Flop Latch Latch Vs. Flip Flop Counters Registers

Flip Flops

D Flip Flop

Latch
A latch is a kind of bistable multivibrator, an electronic circuit which has two stable states and thereby can store one bit of information. Today the word is mainly used for simple transparent storage elements, while slightly more advanced non-transparent (or clocked) devices are described as flip-flops. Informally, as this distinction is quite new, the two words are sometimes used interchangeably.

S - R Latch
SR latch operation S 0 The symbol for an SR latch. 0 R 0 1 Action Keep state Q=0

Q=1 Restricted combination

Flip Flops

D-LATCH
D-Latch Forbidden input values are forced not to occur by using an inverter between the inputs
D Q E (enable) Q D(data) Q

E
D

Q
Q

D 0 1

Q(t+1) 0 1

Latch vs. Flip Flop

Latch is a edge triggered device whereas Flip flop is a level triggered. Latches are faster and flip flops are slower. Latches take less power to implement than flipflops. The output of a latch changes independent of a clock signal whereas the Output of a Flip - Flop changes at specific times determined by a clocking signal. In Latch We do not require clock pulses and flip flops are clocked devices.

EDGE-TRIGGERED FLIP FLOPS or Characteristics - State transition occurs at the rising edge
falling edge of the clock pulse Latches

Flip Flops

respond to the input only during these periods

Edge-triggered Flip Flops (positive)

respond to the input only at this time

Registers
A0 Q Clock I0 I1 I2
D C

Sequential Circuits

A1 Q
D C

A2 Q
D C

A3 Q
D C

Shift Registers
Serial Input Clock D Q C D Q C D Q C

I3 Serial Output

D Q C

Sequential Circuits - Registers

Bidirectional Shift Register with Parallel Load

A0 Q
D C

A1 Q
D C

A2 Q
D C

A3 Q
D C

4x1 MUX

4x1 MUX

4x1 MUX

4x1 MUX

Clock

S0S1 SeriaI I0
Input

I1

I2

Serial I3 Input

Sequential Circuits - Counters

Ring counter

Johnson Counter