CHAPTER 10 : SIMPLE MACHINES

10.1 LEVER

IS A SIMPLE MACHINE CONSISTS OF A RIGID ROD WHICH CAN TURN ABOUT A FIXED POINT (FULCRUM, F) WHEN A FORCE (EFFORT, E) IS APPLIED TO OVERCOME A RESISTING FORCE (LOAD, L) EXAMPLES : BOTTLE OPENER, SCISSORS, SCREWDRIVER, NUTCRACKER, ICE TONGS

CLASSIFIED TO: (A) 1ST CLASS (B) 2ND CLASS (C) 3RD CLASS

(F) (L) (E)

(A) 1ST CLASS

FULCRUM BETWEEN EFFORT & LOAD(L, F, E) CHARACTERISTICES: EFFORT MOVES THROUGH A LONGER DISTANCE THAN THE LOAD EFFORT IS FURTHER FROM THE FULCRUM THAN THE LOAD IS USE : A SMALL EFFORT (FORCE) CAN PRODUCE A LARGE FORCE (LOAD)

(B) 2ND CLASS

LOAD BETWEEN FULCRUM & EFFORT(F, L, E) CHARACTERISTICS: EFFORT MOVES THROUGH A LONGER DISTANCE THAN THE LOAD EFFORT IS FURTHER FROM THE FULCRUM THAN THE LOAD IS USE : A SMALL EFFORT (FORCE) CAN PRODUCE A LARGE FORCE (LOAD)

(C) 3RD CLASS

EFFORT BETWEEN FULCRUM & LOAD(F, E, L) CHARACTERISTICS: LOAD MOVES A LONGER DISTANCE THAN THE EFFORT LOAD IS FURTHER FROM THE FULCRUM THAN THE EFFORT IS USE : A SMALL MOVEMENT BY THE EFFORT PRODUCES A LARGE MOVEMENT BY THE LOAD

THE MOMENT OF A FORCE

TURNING EFFECT IS PRODUCED BY A FORCE ACTING ON A BODY IT IS EQUAL TO THE PRODUCT OF FORCE & THE PERPENDICULAR DISTANCE FROM ITS LINE OF ACTION TO THE POINT (PIVOT), ABOUT WHICH THE BODY WILL TURN THE TURNING FORCE AROUND THE PIVOT = MOMENT OF FORCE

PIVOT

WHICH ONE IS MORE EASIER TO LOOSEN THE BOLT? P OR Q???

MOMENT OF A FORCE (N m) = FORCE (N) X PERPENDICULAR DISTANCE FROM THE TURNING POINT (m)

FROM DIAGRAM BERFORE, (I) IT IS EASIER TO LOOSEN BOLT IF YOU HOLD THE SPANNER AT POSITION P THAN Q BECAUSE THE TURNING EFFECT IS GREATER. (II) IT IS EASIER TO LOOSEN THE BOLT IF A LARGE FORCE IS APPLIED AT P TO CAUSE A GREATER TURNING EFFECT.

THE MOMENT OF A FORCE CAN BE CLOCKWISE OR ANTICLOCKWISE DEPENDING ON WHICH WAY THEY TURN

2 WAYS INCREASING THE TURNING EFFECT: (A) INCREASE THE APPLIED FORCE (B) MOVE THE FORCE FURTHER AWAY FROM THE TURNING POINT

(A) INCREASE THE APPLIED FORCE

(B) MOVE THE FORCE FURTHER AWAY FROM THE TURNING POINT

MOMENTS IN A LEVER

IN A LEVER, 2 FORCES THAT ACT ON IT ARE THE EFFORT & LOAD 2 FORCES PRODUCE OPPOSITE MOMENTS (A PAIR OF CLOCKWISE & ANTICLOCKWISE MOMENTS) WHEN A LEVER IS BALANCED ABOUT THE TURNING POINT, THE TOTAL CLOCKWISE MOMENT = THE TOTAL ANTICLOCKWISE MOMENT

LOAD (N) X DISTANCE OF LOAD FROM FULCRUM (m) = EFFORT (N) X DISTANCE OF EFFORT (N) FROM THE FULCRUM (m) = (L X D = E X D) EXAMPLE:
ANTICLOCKWISE MOMENT = CLOCKWISE MOMENT 300 N X 3 m = 450 N X 2 m 900 N m = 900 N m

(A)

(B)

(C)

10.2 APPRECIATING INNOVATIVE EFFORTS IN THE DESIGN OF MACHINES TO SIMPLIFY WORK

MACHINES (A SIMPLE TOOLS) TO MAKE OUR LIFE EASIER & COMFORTABLE DEVICES (BOTTLE OPENER, STAPLER, SCISSORS) SIMPLIFY OUR WORK MOST OF THE MACHINES (COMPOUND MACHINES-COMBINING SEVERAL MACHINES) CRANE

EDITED BY : TEACHER FAASILLA