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Dr.T.V.Rao MD
DR.T.V.RAO MD
ROBERT PURCELL, ALBERT KAPIKIAN, AND STEPHEN FEINSTONE WITH AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE. (CREDIT: NIAID)
DR.T.V.RAO MD
HEPATITIS E - GENOME
The genome is approximately 7200 bases in length, is a polyadenylated single-strand RNA molecule that contains three discontinuous and partially overlapping open reading frames (ORFs) along with 5' and 3' cis-acting elements, which have important roles in HEV replication and transcription. ORF1 encode a methyltransferase, protease, helicase and replicase; ORF2 encode the capsid protein and ORF3 encodes a protein of undefined function. A three-dimensional, atomic-resolution structure of the capsid protein in the context of a virus-like particle has been described. An in vitro culture system is not yet available
DR.T.V.RAO MD
Incubation period:
Case-fatality rate:
Average 40 days Range 15-60 days Overall, 1%-3% Pregnant women, 15%-25% Increased with age
None identified
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DR.T.V.RAO MD
Most outbreaks associated with faecally contaminated drinking water. Several other large epidemics have occurred since in the Indian subcontinent and the USSR, China, Africa and Mexico. In the United States and other nonendemic areas, where outbreaks of hepatitis E have not been documented to occur, a low prevalence of anti-HEV (<2%) has been found in healthy populations. The source of infection for these persons is unknown. Minimal person-to-person transmission.
DR.T.V.RAO MD
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
Hepatitis E is found worldwide and different genotypes of the hepatitis E virus determine differences in epidemiology. For example, genotype 1 is usually seen in developing countries and causes community level outbreaks while genotype 3 is usually seen in the developed countries and does not cause outbreaks
DR.T.V.RAO MD
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TRANSMISSION OF INFECTION
The hepatitis E virus is transmitted mainly through the faecaloral route due to faecal contamination of drinking water. Other transmission routes have been identified, which include
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Avoid drinking water (and beverages with ice) of unknown purity, uncooked shellfish, and uncooked fruit/vegetables not peeled or prepared by traveler. IG prepared from donors in Western countries does not prevent infection. Unknown efficacy of IG prepared from donors in endemic areas.
Vaccine?
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DR.T.V.RAO MD
TRANSMISSION
Zoonotic transmission from animals to humans; Transfusion of infected blood products; Vertical transmission from a pregnant woman to her foetus.
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INCUBATION PERIOD
The incubation period following exposure to the hepatitis E virus ranges from three to eight weeks, with a mean of 40 days. The period of communicability is unknown.
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SYMPTOMS
The hepatitis E virus causes acute sporadic and epidemic viral hepatitis. Symptomatic infection is most common in young adults aged 1540 years. Although infection is frequent in children, the disease is mostly asymptomatic or causes a very mild illness without jaundice (anicteric) that goes undiagnosed
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CLINICAL PRESENTATION
Jaundice
anorexia (loss of appetite); an enlarged, tender liver (hepatomegaly); abdominal pain and tenderness; nausea and vomiting; fever.
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DR.T.V.RAO MD
Diagnosis of hepatitis E infection is therefore usually based on the detection of specific antibodies to the virus in the blood.
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TREATMENT
There is no available treatment capable of altering the course of acute hepatitis. Prevention is the most effective approach against the disease. As hepatitis E is usually self-limiting, hospitalization is generally not required. However, hospitalization is required for people with fulminant hepatitis and should also be considered for infected pregnant women.
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PREVENTION
Maintaining quality standards for public water supplies ; Establishing proper disposal systems to eliminate sanitary waste.
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PREVENTION
Maintaining hygienic practices such as hand washing with safe water, particularly before handling food; Avoiding drinking water and/or ice of unknown purity; Avoiding eating uncooked shellfish, and uncooked fruits or vegetables that are not peeled or that are prepared by people living in or travelling in highly endemic countries
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VACCINATION - UPDATE
China has produced and licensed the first vaccine to prevent hepatitis E virus infection, although it is not yet available globally.
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Programme Created by Dr.T.V.Rao MD for Medical and Paramedical Students in the Developing World
Email doctortvrao@gmail.com
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