Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
R.B.Chavan Department of Textile Technology Indian Institute of Technology Hauz-Khas, New Delhi 110016
Dye variables
Main Colouring
Quality checks
Concentration of main colouring component
Prepare a solution of known concentration sample to be tested and the standard Compare the optical density and and wave length of maximum absorption Other colouring matter Plot OD against wavelength in the visible region. The standard and test sample should match if both are identical products Dyeing test Carry out dyeing of standard and test sample under identical conditions. Compare Visual appearance and depth of shade Determine k/s Determine Delta E (Colour difference, Acceptable range 1-1.2) Determine L a b Tonal differences
The incremental addition of alkali is not very effective because the level of absorption in the primary absorption process is great and the contribution of the secondary absorption is minimal. The diagram displays an example dyeing program including the initial addition of alkali.
Low-salt dyeing
Furthermore, when a small amount of wax still remains on the substrate due to insufficient scouring, the use of a dyebath surfactant can promote the penetration of the dye. Thus to lower the degree of risk in dyeing, the use of an appropriate dyebath surfactant/lubricant is recommended.
The role of sequestering agents in reactive dyeing When the water of the dyebath contains metallic ions, there is the danger that uneven dyeing, such as specking, or reduction of the concentration of the dye will be caused by the dyestuff's coagulation and reduced solubility. metallic ions can also be introduced by impurities in Glauber's salt or common salt, so even when soft water is used in the dyeing, the presence of metallic ions can lead to problems. the use of sequestering agents is very important. In the past, traditional thinking has been that "if the chromophore of a dyestuff is a metallic complex salt, then sequestering agents should not be used. " Recently, however, it has been ascertained that sequestering agents added to the dyebath have practically no effect on the metal in the chromophore of the dye. Sequestering agents effective in neutral to alkaline conditions are preferable The use of sodium hexa meta phosphate is common
In this case, use of an anionic dispersing leveling agent produces even dispersion and good solubilization, ensuring level dyeing and good reproducibility. An example of a typical dyestuff which tends to coagulate is phthalocyanine-based Turq Blue. (eg. C.I. Reactive Blue 21). Use of a dispersing leveling agent raises the level of solubility and improves the levelness of dyeing. For dyes of this type, however, since dispersing leveling agents display a large retarding effect, addition of too much dispersing leveling agent can reduce the concentration of the dye fixing. Due to this, the quantity used should be carefully supervised. In addition, when the water used in the dyebath contains metal ions, reactive dyestuffs in general tend to suffer reduced solubility due to their influence. In this case too, use of a dispersing leveling agent is advantageous. An example of a dispersing leveling agent that can be used for realizing the above effects is Sumipon SE.