Computer Based Instruction 4

TUTORIALS

Process of Instruction
Presenting Information

Tutorials
Guiding the Learner

Practicing

Assessment

The General Structure of Tutorial Program

Introduction Of the Program

Present Information

Question and Response

Closing

Feedback and Remediation

Judge Response

Introduction Programa Of a Giri Program

Present Information

Quesiton & Response

Closing

Feedback

Judge Response

Introduction of the Program

Presentation Objectives
Behaviorist objectives Unbehaviorist objectives

Simulating Prior Knowledge

Piaget Approach

Pretesting
The learner is not ready for this program The learner is ready, but should study this program The learner already knows the subjects and should skip this program

Introduction Program

Present Bilginin Information Sunulmas

Quesiton & Response

Presenting Information

Closing

Feedback

Judge Response

Two considerations concern with Presenting Information:

Consistency Modes of Presentation Text Information Graphics and Animations Video Sound

Introduction Program

Present Bilginin Information Sunulmas

Quesiton & Response

Consistency :

Closing

Feedback

Judge Response

Put control options, such as mouse buttons, on the bottom of the screen Start a new display for a change in topic and label it accordingly. Use a consistent prompt for responses, such type your answer here. Use consistent keypress or buttons for frequent actions, such as the ENTER key to move forward. Many programs cause confusion and errors by switching between buttons and keypress to move forward. Use consistent margins and paragraph

At the top and center

Bold foreground, clear backround

2 of 8

One to One Functions A a b c

Clear button, at the bottom
Exit Help Menu
Previous

At the center, symetric

Next

Introduction Program

Present Bilginin Information Sunulmas

Question & Response

Closing

Feedback

Judge Response

Modes of Presentation
Basic Modes of Presentation

Text Information Graphics and animations Videos Sound Color ?

Introduction Program

Present Bilginin Information Sunulmas

Question & Response

Closing

Feedback

Judge Response

Text Information
Text information should be designed from top to bottom and left to right, because users are used to read in that way. Sentences and paragraphs should be well formatted.
CONSISTENCY :

CONSISTENCY :
Put control options, such as mouse Buttons, on the bottom of to display Use a consistent prompt for responses, Such type your answer here. Start a new display for a change in topic And label it accordingly use consistent keypress or buttons for frequent actions.

PUT CONTROL OPTONS, SUCH AS MOUSE BUTTONS, ON THE BOTTOM OF TO DSPLAY USE A CONSSTENT PROMPT FOR RESPONSES, SUCH TYPE YOUR ANSWER HERE. START A NEW DSPLAY FOR A CHANGE N TOPC AND LABEL T ACCORDNGLY USE CONSSTENT KEYPRESS

Help

Menu

Previous

Next

Exit

Help

Menu

Previous

Next

FGURE 4: Poorly Formatted

FGURE 5: Well Formatted

Introduction Program

Present Bilginin Information Sunulmas

Question & Response

Text Information

Closing

Feedback

Judge Response

Use appropriate ways of emphasizing segments of texts

Use boxes, larger letters and isolation for more effective methods. Underlying the text is common but not effective (confused with links). Blinking or moving text should never be used.

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Introduction Program

Present Bilginin Information Sunulmas

Question & Response

Text Information

Closing

Feedback

Judge Response

Underlining to emphasize text ?? An alternative typeface emphasize text ALL CAPITALS TO EMPHASZE TEXT A box emphasize text

To emphasize a message, display it with nothing else on the screen

An arrow to emphasize text Larger letter to emphasize text

FGURE 5: Methods of Emphasizing

FGURE 6: Methods of Emphasizing by Isolation

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Introduction Program

Present Bilginin Information Sunulmas

Question & Response

Text Quality
Leanness:

Closing

Feedback

Judge Response

A program should say just enough to explain what is desired, and no more.

Transitions:
Transitions from one topic to another is essential, because of clear flowing.

Clarity:

To avoid using ambiguous language and have consistent use of terminology

Reading Level:
A program must be suited to the learner who use it.

Mechanics:
Use of correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation.

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Introduction Program

Present Bilginin Information Sunulmas

Question & Response

Graphics

Closing

Feedback

Judge Response

Four primary uses of graphics;

As the primary information As analogies or mnemonics As organizers As cues

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Introduction Program

Present Bilginin Information Sunulmas

Question & Response

Recommendations for Graphics

Closing

Feedback

Judge Response

Select and design graphic information consistent with the rest of the instructional message.
Avoid excessive detail or realism. Details can confuse the learners. Consider breaking complex illustrations into simpler ones (p:72). Use animation when dynamic change is important and allow the learner to pause, continue, repeat, and in some cases control the speed of change.

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Introduction Program

Present Bilginin Information Sunulmas

Question & Response

Video

Closing

Feedback

Judge Response

Keep video presentation short (20-30 sec.) Consider great expense of video production Use video for demonstrating and modeling Provide users to control program during video (Such as quitting, reviewing, going to a program menu) Video presentation should also have its own controls (Such as pause, continue, replay from the start, control volume)

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Introduction Program

Present Bilginin Information Sunulmas

Question & Response

Sound
Use speech for getting attention, for directions.

Closing

Feedback

Judge Response

Provide speech for users who have difficulty reading text.

Provide both text and speech options

Use audio for appropriate content areas, such as lang.learning

Allow user control for audio (pause, continue, repeat, skip and vol. Allow user global controls even during audio segments.

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All audio must be high quality.

Introduction Program

Present Bilginin Information Sunulmas

Question & Response

Color

Closing

Feedback

Judge Response

Use color for emphasis and indicating differences Ensure good contrast between foreground and background colors, especially for text. Use only a few colors for color coding (max. four color) Allow learner control of color coding Be consistent in the use of color Balance learner affect and learning effectiveness; using color

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Color

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Color

Readable Readable
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Color

Readable ?
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Color

Unreadable
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Color

Unreadable
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Color

Unreadable
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Introduction Program

Present Information

Question & Soru ve Yant Response

Questions and Responses

Closing

Feedback

Judge Response

The function of questions Frequency of questions Types of questions Other factors affecting quality of questions Use of graphics in questions Placement of questions Modes of responses Response economy Other types of learner interaction

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Introduction Program

Present Information

Question & Soru ve Yant Response

The Function of Questions

Closing

Feedback

Judge Response

A tutorial without interaction cannot be successful. Most common method of interaction is questions.

They keep the learner attentive, Provide practice Encourage deeper processing Assess the learning process

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Introduction Program

Present Information

Question & Soru ve Yant Response

Frequency of Questions:

Closing

Feedback

Judge Response

Questions should occur frequently that provide; More interaction More attention More enjoying More learning facilitator

The four-part cycle :

Socratic Dialog

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The Types of Questions

Multiple Choice

True-False
Alternate Response

Marking

Matching

Completion Questions

Essay Questions

Constructed Response

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Introduction Program

Present Information

Question & Soru ve Yant Response

The Types of Questions: True and False

Closing

Feedback

Judge Response

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Introduction Program

Present Information

Question & Soru ve Yant Response

The Types of Questions: Multiple Choices

Closing

Feedback

Judge Response

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Introduction Program

Present Information

Question & Soru ve Yant Response

The Types of Questions: Matching

Closing

Feedback

Judge Response

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Introduction Program

Present Information

Question & Soru ve Yant Response

The Types of Questions: Marking

Closing

Feedback

Judge Response

Mark the prepositions in the sentence below by clicking on them with the mouse.

slow dog under

desk on yellow

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Introduction Program

Present Information

Question & Soru ve Yant Response

The Types of Questions: Essay Question

Closing

Feedback

Judge Response

Essay Question ?

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Introduction Program

Present Information

Question & Soru ve Yant Response

The Types of Questions: Short Answer Question

Closing

Feedback

Judge Response

A word: 10-15 letter A sentence : 30-above

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Introduction Program

Present Information

Question & Soru ve Yant Response

The Types of Questions: Completion Question

Closing

Feedback

Judge Response

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Introduction Program

Present Information

Question & Soru ve Yant Response

The Types of Questions: Explanatory Question

Closing

Feedback

Judge Response

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Introduction Program

Present Information

Question & Soru ve Yant Response

The Types of Questions: Crossword Puzzle

Closing

Feedback

Judge Response

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Introduction Program

Present Information

Question & Soru ve Yant Response

Other Factors Affect Quality of Questions

Closing

Feedback

Judge Response

Reading level:
Consider reading level according to readers level.

Abbreviations:
Abbreviations should be avoid in questions

Assessing comprehension:
Generally intended to assess comprehension, but not..

Negative word
Negative words should be avoided in questions

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Introduction Program

Present Information

Question & Soru ve Yant Response

Other Factors Affect Quality of Questions

Closing

Feedback

Judge Response

Scrolling
Scrolling should always be avoided in questions.

Placement of Questions
Questions may occur before or after the information.

Modes of the responses

Keyboard, mouse or speech.

Response Economy
The amount of typing should be as little as necessary.

Other types of learner interaction

To construct diagrams, to take notes, to generate analogies etc..

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Introduction Program

Present Information

Question & Response

Judgment of Responses: General Judging Considerations

Closing

Feedback

Judge Response
Yant Yarglama

Length
In judging text; a limit should be set on (10-30 letters).

Time limits
Time limitations is important in tutorials

Help and escape options

Even the learner engaged in questions, global options such as help and escape should be provided.

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Introduction Program

Present Information

Question & Response

Closing

Feedback about Responses:

Feedback Hatrlatma

Dnt ve

Judge Response

In tutorial programs feedback encourage the learners to improve thinking and comprehension.
When a response is correct, a short encouragement can be made such as You are doing a great job!. Feedback should be positive, avoid negative feedbacks. Never provide feedback such as You must be kidding!. Negative feedbacks discourage the slowest learner. Timing of feedbacks Timing of feedbacks depends on subject, and learners. In general, immediate feedbacks works best in tutorials.

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Introduction Program

Present Information

Question & Response

Closing

Feedback Hatrlatma

Dnt ve

Judge Response

Learner Control in Tutorials

Paging

Page controls should always be obvious and easy Page controls should be consistent in position and method To avoid timed pauses for paging (progressions under control of the user)

Review

Opportunity to for review should be provided all the times. Many tutorial do not allow review at all, so user must quit the program or restart the computer.

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Introduction Program

Present Information

Question & Response

Closing

Feedback Hatrlatma

Dnt ve

Judge Response

Learner Control in Tutorials

Help

Always provide procedural help Provide content-specific help Allow return to directions at all times Provide help at any particular time Always have a help button or menu visible, reminding learner that help is available.

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Introduction Program

Present Information

Question & Response

Closing Programdan
k

Feedback

Judge Response

Closing

Provide the ability for the user to exit anywhere in the tutorial. Ensure that a temporary exit is always available with user control. Provide a safety net to cancel a request to exit. Provide a final message making it clear the user is leaving the tutorial

Return the user to an appropriate place after the program quits.

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KAYNAKLAR

Alessi, S. M. & Trollip, S. R. (2001). Multimedia for Learning: Methods and Development. Allyn and Bacon, USA. William Horton Consulting http://www.designingwbt.com/ Price, R. V. (1990). Computer-Aided Instruction. 500 Business and Computer Cartoons http://www.glasbergen.com/cat.html

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