Definitions

Open Systems Interconnection Standards

Packet Switched Public Data Network (PSPDN) Circuit Switched Public Data Network (CSPDN) Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Local Area Network (LAN)

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Internetworking Architecture Models

OSI Model 3-Layer Model TCP/IP Model

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OSI Model
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
Open System Interconnection (OSI) Model, provides a framework Technology independent

Boundary

Technology dependent

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OSI Model
Physical Layer (1)
deals with mechanical, electrical and procedural interfacing provides collision detection specifies cables, connectors, and other components transmits raw information over communication channel establishes, maintains, and disconnects physical links includes software device drivers for communication interfaces

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OSI Model
Data Link Layer (2)
provides reliable transfer of data breaks data (packets) into frames adds bits for error detection/correction manages access to and use of the channel solve problems caused by lost, damaged, and duplicate frames sends acknowledgments adds flags to indicate beginning and end of message connectionless or connection oriented services IEEE MAC and LLC support

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OSI Model
Network Layer (3)
establishes, maintains and terminates connections determines how packets are routed divides transport messages into packets and reassembles them performs congestion control, flow control provides virtual circuit or datagram services recognizes message priorities sends messages in proper order handles internetworking

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OSI Model
Transport Layer (4)
establishes reliable end-to-end transport session (error detection and recovery), once path has been established fragmentation of message into packets (if not handled by layer 3) multiplexing of several sessions from same source and all going to same destination creates distinct network connections monitors quality of service disassembles and assembles session messages flow control (if not done by layer 3)

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OSI Model
Session Layer (5)
establishes and controls system-dependent issues establishes and terminates connections accounting service user interface into the network authentication of users controls dialogue, organizes and synchronizes

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OSI Model
Presentation Layer (6)
data encryption, security, compression and code conversion make sure data is encoded in standard form (ASCII) handles pass-through of services from session to application layer

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OSI Model
Application Layer (7)
login, password check agreement on semantics for information exchange file transfer, access and management message handling, email job transfer and manipulation directory service system management industry protocols database access and management virtual terminals

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OSI Model
Data Application Presentation Application Presentation

Session
Transport Network Data Link Physical Physical

Session
Transport Network Data Link Physical

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3-Layer Model
7-layer OSI to 3-layer mapping
System integrators approach Application Network Services Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical Network Infrastructure Network Protocols

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TCP/IP Model
TCP/IP Protocol Suite, ARPANET (DARPA)
Application

Transport (TCP,UDP)
Internet (IP) Network Access Physical

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OSI to TCP/IP Models

7-layer OSI and TCP/IP Protocol Architectures
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical Transport (TCP,UDP) Internet (IP) Network Access Physical
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Application

Internetworking Standards
Standards
TCP/IP Ethernet V1 & V2 X-Windows Unix WIN95 NT

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Internetworking Standards
Standards Based Solutions
IEEE: 802.3/CSMA/CD, 802.5/Token Ring, 802.2/LLC (Logical Level Control), etc. (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) ANSI (American National Standards Institute) : FDDI (Fibre Distributed Data Interface), etc. CCITT: V.35, X.25, Frame Relay, etc. ISO-ITU (International Telecommunication Union): 8802/3, 8802/5, 9314, V.35, etc. EIA: RS-232, RS-449, etc. ATM Forum Connecting equipment to a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

V-series

X-series
Connecting equipment to a Public Switched Data Network (PSDN)

I-series
Connecting equipment to an Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
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Network Terminology
Modems: OSI-Layer 1 device. Modulatordemodulator, device that converts digital and analog signals, allows data to be transmitted over voice grade telephone lines (PSTN). Modem standards include: V.21, V.22 bis, V.32 bis, V.34, V.42 bis, etc. Repeaters: OSI-Layer 1 device. Regenerates and propagates electrical signals between two network segments. Repeater standards include: Ethernet, IEEE 802.3 (10Base5, 10Base2, 10BaseT, 10BaseFX), FDDI, ATM, etc.
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Network Terminology
Bridges: OSI Layer 2 device. Connects and passes packets between network segments that use similar and different communication protocols. Bridge standards include: IEEE 802.1d, Transparent Source Routing, Translational, etc. Switches: OSI Layer 2 device. Very fast bridge. Switch Standards include: ATM, Frame Relay, SMDS, ISDN, etc.

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Network Terminology
Routers: OSI Layer 3 device. Forwards packets from one network to another based on metrics that will allow for optimum path. Router standards include: RIP, OSPF, ISIS, BGP, EGP, etc. Gateways: OSI Layers 1-7 device. Specialpurpose device that converts information from one protocol stack to another.

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Network Terminology
4 types of equipment
Repeaters Bridges Routers Gateways - layer 1 - layer 2 - layer 3 - layers 1-7

All use functionality of lower layers

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Repeaters
Used to extend a LAN Connects two cable segments Amplifies and sends all electrical signals between segments Stations do not know whether a repeater separates them IEEE 802.3: max. 4 repeaters between any two stations

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Repeaters
max. Ethernet segment max. Ethernet segment

direct connection

repeater

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Bridges
Simplest form to extend a LAN LANs can be of more than one type Interconnect LAN and MAN Past: used between LANs with identical protocols (physical, MAC) Present: used between LANs with different protocols

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Bridges

stations

bridge

stations standard connection (same as computers)

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Switches
Switched LAN, single electronic device that transfers frames among many stations Hub: simulates a single shared medium
at most two computers can communicate at a time max. possible bandwidth is R (rate a single computer can send data)

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Switches
Switch: simulates a bridged LAN with one station per segment
each computer is in a simulated LAN segment as many as 1/2 of stations can send data at the same time (1/2 send, 1/2 receive) max. possible bandwidth is RN/2, N is number of stations connected

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Introduction to Transmission Media & LAN Technologies

Transmission Media & Cabling Systems LAN Technologies

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Introduction to Transmission Media

Signals Data Transmission Transmission Media Cabling Systems

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Introduction LAN Technologies

10/100/1000 Mbps Ethernet 100 Mbps FDDI 155/620 Mbps ATM 4/10/45 Mbps Wireless

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