UMTS Network Design: Dimensioning & Planning Overview: Jon Kromer

UMTS Network Design: Dimensioning & Planning Overview
Jon Kromer Technical Solutions group Motorola Networks, EMEA

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MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2004.
GSM vs. WCDMA (CDMA)

GSM
f r e q u e n c y
WCDMA
P
5 5 k5 H z
.... freq
= Codes with different spreading
~5 MHz
s l o 5 5u 5 s t t i m e
time 10 ms frame
High rate multicode user Variable rate users
Hard capacity Hard handover Frequency planning required Power control not essential Capacity and coverage have little interdependency
Soft capacity Soft handover Single frequency reuse Tight power control required Capacity and coverage linked
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UMTS RF Planning Considerations
F1
F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1
5MHz Channel bandwidth

F1
F1
Network typically on 1 or 2 channels
F1 F1 F1 F1
Initially deploy all sites on ONE frequency Virtually no frequency planning required
Each user on same frequency separated by Codes
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Scrambling codes
UPLINK Users separated by Scrambling codes Detect other users as noise Noise and interference from other cells
DOWNLINK One Scrambling code per cell Channelization / OVSF codes for each connection Orthogonality between users within cell Noise and interference from other cells
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Scrambling codes
Spreading Codes (OVSF)
Scrambling Code
Downlink
To separate different users in the same cell.
To separate different cells.
Uplink
To separate different To separate different physical channels of one users. user.
The Downlink Capacity is limited by the number of allocated Spreading Codes
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Channelisation codes
Bit Rate DATA X
Chip Rate X
Chip Rate
Channelisation code
Scrambling code
Spreading codes are Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes, similar to CDMA Walsh codes, which preserve the orthogonality among different channels. Downlink Dedicated Channel
DCH SF 256 128 64 32 16 8 DCH Encoded BIT rate (kbps) 30 60 120 240 480 960
Code Tree for the Spreading Codes

c55= (5555 , , , ) , c55= (55 , ) , c55= (55 5 5 , ,- ,- ) , c55= (5 ) , c44= (5 55 5 ,- , ,- ) , c55= (5 5 ,- ) , c55= (5 5 55 ,- ,- , ) , SF = 5 SF = 5 SF = 5
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Soft Capacity
Single Frequency Other Mobiles create background noise ! High Interference reduces cell capacity If Outer cells are lightly loaded Centre cell experiences to low interference Margin for capacity increase Soft Capacity
E q u a l l y l o a d e d c e l l s L e s s - - > i n t e r f e r e n c e i n t h e h i g h e r c a p a c i t y i n n e i g h t h e m
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Noise Rise & Cell Loading
All connections generate noise More users Higher noise rise Cell capacity limited by noise rise
Pole capacity is theoretical maximum cell capacity OR 100% Loading point
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Uplink noise rise Design Level as % of pole capacity Average: 3dB noise rise 50% Maximum: 6dB noise rise 75%
Noise rise = - 10 * Log (1 Load)
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Uplink All handsets typically transmit maximum 21dBm power Noise rise and cell capacity limited by allowable noise rise
Downlink Typical 20W downlink power per cell Users admitted to cell based upon power requirements Also must be OVSF codes available Noise rise limited to 20W power transmitted High data rate user at cell edge may require 5W
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10
Variable Cell Coverage (Cell Breathing)

Range
Increase Users in Cell Increase in Cell loading

Increased noise rise Reduced DL power per user
Loading / Noise Rise
Reduction in Range & Coverage holes
Coverage / Capacity Trade-Off
Reduced coverage at high loading Coverage holes increase at higher rates

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11
Uplink / Downlink Range

UL limited
55 . 55 . Cell range (km) 44 . 44 . 44 . 44 . 55 . 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 UPLINK DOWNLINK
Low load UL limited Increasing load reduces cell range due to noise rise TMA increases UL range
(blue dotted line)
Total DL Pwr / cell = 20W
DL limited
At 20W per cell DL limited DL range then decreases rapidly STTD improves Downlink
(red dotted line)
number of voice users
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12
Cell Range / Service Coverage
Cell Range dependant upon:

Data rate Cell loading Noise rise Quality of service
384kbps load
64kbps
Range limits
UL limited at low load DL limited at high load
32kbps range
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Power Control
Power control is THE most important function in a CDMA system CDMA systems are limited by interference! Control the Power to:
Transmit power as low as possible, Minimise the interference, but ensure Quality of Service. Ensure power received at Node B is same for all UEs. Minimise the near-far effect in order to increase the capacity.
Initial Access
Pilot Power
ACK
ACK
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14
F-Factor & Orthogonality

Noise and interference from all other cells At Node B, Uplink F-factor = noise from own cell Noise from all other cells
Dimensioning Calculate capacity of isolated cell Eg, f=0.5, then capacity reduced by 50%
Downlink F-factor output from planning tool
50 subs 50 subs 100subs 50 subs 50 subs 50 subs 50 subs 50 subs
Example 100 voice subscribers in isolated cell Reduced to 50 voice subs per cell In uniformly loaded network
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Eb/No Curves
Eb/No values are critical to modelling system performance Large numbers of curves embedded in modelling tools
5 km/hr (5ant) 5 km/hr (5ant) 5 55 5 km/hr (5ant) 5 km/hr (5ant) 5 km/hr (5ant) 5 55 5 km/hr (5ant)
Voice ITU Vehicular Model A Eb/No vs BER
Eb/No curves generated based on: - Bit Rate - Required BER, BLER, or FER% - User Speed - Delay Spread profile (No. of rays) - Ray imbalance
55 5 . E- 5
44 4 . E- 4
44 4 . E- 4 BER 44 4 . E- 4 44 4 . E- 4 55 5 . E- 5 55 . 5
55 . 5
55 . 5
55 . 5
55 . 5
5. 5 55
5. 5 55
5. 5 55
Rx Eb/No (dB)
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Soft Handover
Soft Handover - UE connected to two or more cells within SHO threshold window Softer Handover UE connected to cells of same Node B Produces UL & DL system gain Gain due to lower Eb/No requirement
Node B BS MS Node B BS
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17
Soft Handover
Overhead on DL power, DL channels Downlink noise rise and equipment increases

Node B BS
Typically expect 40% soft handover in a tri-sector system Increase in Channel Elements and Transmission capacity
Node B BS
MS
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18
Summary Points
Voice and data services
Voice AMR and data up to 384kbit/s Voice and data users load the system differently Asymmetric uplink and downlink Delay tolerant packet data
Variable Cell Capacity

Capacity of a cell is dependant upon RF conditions Soft NOT hard blocking Interference / noise rise limited system Capacity should not be limited by equipment
Varying Cell Range

Different cell range for Uplink and Downlink Coverage dependant on bearer rate Cell shrinkage as loading increases
MOTOROLA NETWORKS
19
UMTS Dimensioning (air interface)
Initial step in Site Estimation Dimensioning of the Air Interface Optimisation of Sites for Coverage and Capacity Requirements UMTS business case modelling Estimate effects of features such as TMA, STTD, 6-sector, Link budget, analytical tools
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20
Dimensioning Overview
Interfaces & Transmission
Site configuration Link budget
Coverage sites Final Site Numbers & Carriers
RNC5000 Hardware
Subscribers & Traffic Model
Capacity Sites Node B equipment
RNC5000 Capacity License

MOTOROLA NETWORKS
21
Air Interface Dimensioning

Coverage Link budget Average cell range Variation in cell range
- data rate - subscriber traffic - environment
Capacity Cell loading / noise rise Service Mix Total Subscribers Voice traffic per subscriber Data traffic per subscriber Channel elements Carriers Transmit Diversity
Optional features
- TMA - Transmit Diversity
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Link Budget
- Urban Environment, Downlink 128k
Chip Rate Bit Rate UE Noise Figure kT kTW Base Ant. Gain Mobile Ant. Gain Body Loss Building/Vehicle Penetration Loss Base Cable Loss Total Effective G_antennas Mean Noise Rise BTS Max Tx Pwr for User at cell edge Eb/No Processing Gain UE Rx sensitivity Soft Handoff Gain Shadow Fade Margin (single cell) Pathloss exponent (COST-231 Model) Pathloss index (COST-231 Model) Max Isotropic Pathloss Max DL Range cps bps dB dB/Hz dB dBi dBi dB dB dB dB dB dBm dB dB dBm dB dB dB dB dB km 3840000 128000 7 -204.0 -138.1 18 0 2.0 15 4.2 -3.2 4.0 36.0 4.5 14.8 -111.4 3.0 8.6 141.2 36.4 134.6 0.66 a b c d = 10 * Log (1.38E-23 * 290) e = 10 * Log (1.38E-23 * 290 * b) g h i j k l=g+h -i-j-k m n o p = 10 * Log (a / b) r = d + 10 * Log ( b ) + 30 + c + o s v w x Y=-r+n+lm+s-v z = 10^ ((y - w) / (x))
Run Link Budget Spreadsheet
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23
Coverage Definition
Fade margin used in link budget to define coverage quality Typical fade margin = 8.6dB (8dB std dev, 95% coverage)
Fade Margin Variation against standard deviation
5. 55 5. 55 5. 55 5% 5 4% 4 4% 4
Fade Margin (dB)
5. 55 5. 55 55 . 55 . 55 . 55 . 55 . 55 .
X
55 . 55 . 55 . 55 . 55 . 55 . 5. 55
Log normal fading standard deviation (dB)
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Site Coverage Area

Urban Environment Coverage Area required = 100 km2 At 3dB Noise Rise, Cell range = 0.66 km 1/1/1 Site average area coverage = 0.85 Km2 1/1/1 Sites required for coverage = 118 (354 cells)
Cell area = 0.28 km2
1/1/1 Site area = 1.95 * R Site Area Coverage = 0.85 Km2

2
R = 0.656 km
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25
Questions
Jonathan Kromer Wireless BroadBand Group Global Telecoms Solutions Sector
Swindon, UK
jonk@motorola.com
MOTOROLA NETWORKS
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UMTS Network Design: Dimensioning & Planning Overview: Jon Kromer

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UMTS Network Design: Dimensioning & Planning Overview

Jon Kromer Technical Solutions group Motorola Networks, EMEA

GSM vs. WCDMA (CDMA)

= Codes with different spreading

High rate multicode user Variable rate users

UMTS RF Planning Considerations

5MHz Channel bandwidth

Network typically on 1 or 2 channels

Each user on same frequency separated by Codes

Spreading Codes (OVSF)

To separate different users in the same cell.

To separate different cells.

To separate different To separate different physical channels of one users. user.

The Downlink Capacity is limited by the number of allocated Spreading Codes

Bit Rate DATA X

Code Tree for the Spreading Codes

Noise Rise & Cell Loading

Pole capacity is theoretical maximum cell capacity OR 100% Loading point

Noise Rise & Cell Loading

Noise rise = - 10 * Log (1 Load)

Noise Rise & Cell Loading

Variable Cell Coverage (Cell Breathing)

Increase Users in Cell Increase in Cell loading

Reduction in Range & Coverage holes

Coverage / Capacity Trade-Off

Reduced coverage at high loading Coverage holes increase at higher rates

Uplink / Downlink Range

Total DL Pwr / cell = 20W

number of voice users

Cell Range / Service Coverage

Cell Range dependant upon:

F-Factor & Orthogonality

50 subs 50 subs 100subs 50 subs 50 subs 50 subs 50 subs 50 subs

Voice ITU Vehicular Model A Eb/No vs BER

Overhead on DL power, DL channels Downlink noise rise and equipment increases

Variable Cell Capacity

Varying Cell Range

UMTS Dimensioning (air interface)

Site configuration Link budget

Coverage sites Final Site Numbers & Carriers

Subscribers & Traffic Model

Capacity Sites Node B equipment

RNC5000 Capacity License

Air Interface Dimensioning

Run Link Budget Spreadsheet

Fade Margin (dB)

Log normal fading standard deviation (dB)

Site Coverage Area

1/1/1 Site area = 1.95 * R Site Area Coverage = 0.85 Km2

Jonathan Kromer Wireless BroadBand Group Global Telecoms Solutions Sector

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