Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
REFERENCES
Kaplan & Sadocks, Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry 9th ed.
NORMALITY
Pattern of behavior or personality traits that are typical or that conform to some standard of proper and acceptable ways of behaving and being. Several models for understanding Normality
MODELS
1.
2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Medical Model(Normality as Health) Statistical Model(Normality as Average) Utopian Model Subjective Model Social Model Process Model Continuum Model
MENTAL HEALTH
WHO: HEALTH is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing, and not merely absence of disease or infirmity. There has been an implicit assumption that mental health could be defined as the antonym of mental illness mental health was the absence of psychopathology and was synonymous with normal
Mental Health as Normality. Mental Health as Positive Psychology. Mental Health as Maturity.
Appropriate expectations and goals for oneself. Ability to respond to the uncertainties of reality in a manner consistently free of domination by ones wishes or peers.
IDENTITY
Figure. A schematic model of the expanding social radius of maturing individuals during adulthood.
Identity
Adolescence must achieve an identity that allows them to become separate from their parents. The task of identity requires mastering the last task of childhood : sustained separation from social, residential, economic, and ideological dependence on family origin.
Intimacy
Intimacy permits adolescents to become reciprocally, and not selfishly, involved a partner. Once achieved the capacity for intimacy may seem as effortless and desirable as riding a bicycle. Sometimes the relationship is : - with a person of the same gender. - completely asexual. - as in religious orders. - as the interdependence with a community. Superficialls, mastery development tasks : mating for life and marriage type love.
Consolidation
Is a task usually mastered together with intimacy or that follows the mastery of intimacy. Mastery of this task permits adult to find a career as valuable as they once found play. Four crucial development criteria that transform a job or hobby into a career : contentment, compensation, competence, commitment.
Generativity
Between 45 60 / 65 years of age. Involves the demonstration of a clear capacity to care for and guide the next generation. The need for achievement declines and the need for community and affiliation increases. Depending on the opportunities the society makes available, generativity can mean serving a consultant, guide, mentor, or coach to young adults in the larger society. Generativity reflects the capacity to give the self away and its virtue is care.
Like grandparenthood, this task involves passing on the traditions of the past to the future.
Its virtues are wisdom and justice. Indeed, mastery of this task
is with conservation and preservation of the collective products of mankind the culture in which one lives and its
Integrity
The task of achieving some sense of peace and unity with respect to ones own life and to the whole world.
COPING STRATEGIES
Coping in general term refers to the actual strategies individuals use to manage stressful life situations that involve preceived or actual threats. Strategies designed to reduce emotional distress : distraction, passive avoidance, and positive reappraisal. Strategies designed to solve the problem : direct action, confrontation, and information seeking.
COPING EFFECTIVENESS
The effectiveness of a coping strategy is defined by its outcome, usually measured by : level of distress, depression, or health symptomatology. If individuals become less effective at coping with the demands of life as they age, this would have considerable implications for clinical practice.
Humor
Humor makes life easier. S. Freud : Humor can be regarded as the highest of defensive processes . With humor, individuals see all and feel much but do not act. Humor permits the discharge of emotion without individual discomfort and without unpleasant effects on others. Mature humor allows the individual to look directly at what is painful.
Altruism
Altruism involves getting pleasure from giving to others what an individual himself or herself would have liked to receive.
sublimation
Uncouscious defense mechanism in which the energy associated with unacceptable impulses or drives is diverted into personally and socially acceptable channels By analogy , sublimation permits the oyster to transform an irritating gain of sand into a pearl.
Suppression
Suppression is defense that modulates emotional conflict or internal and external stressors through & stoicism Suppression reflects the capacity to keep current impulse in mind and to control it. Suppression minimizes and pospones, but does not ignore, gratification. Used effectively, supression is analogous to a well-trimmed sail.
Anticipation
The defense of anticipation reflects the capacity to perceive future danger effectively,
The capacity for subjective well being becomes an important model of mental health. Subjective well being is not just the absence of misery but the presence of positive contentment.