Satellite Communications-II

Dr. Nasir D. Gohar

Satellite Communications-II

WHY MULTIPLE ACCESS?

Users/Earth Stations Share the Transmission Resource
i.e. Radio Spectrum Aim is to develop Efficient Techniques that Maximize System Capacity thru Dynamic Resource Allocation and Spectrum Reuse Simple FDM/FM Satellite Systems become Inefficient is BW Utilization and Economically Impractical Pre-Assigned or Demand-Assigned Channel Allocation
In case of Pre-Assigned System, a given number of available voice-band channels from each earth station are assigned to a dedicated destination.Some-times wastage of Precious BW Resource In case of Demand-Assigned System, Resources allocation is on need basis, versatile and efficient usages of Radio Spectrum, but a Complex Mechanism is required at all Earth Stations/Users

Satellite Communications-II

A PRE-ASSIGNED/DEDICATED SYSTEM
Each earth station requires two dedicated pairs of Tx/Rx frequencies to communicate with any other station As many communication partners, same number of transponders (RFRF duplex translator/repeater) Transponder BW 36 MHz which is mostly wasted

Satellite Communications-II

ANIK-E FREQUENCY & POLARIZATION PLAN

Domsat operated by Telsat, Canada Group A (12 Radio Ch) use H Polarization Group B (12 Radio Ch) use V Polarization Radio Ch. BW=36 MHz Inter-Channel Guard band =4MHz 10 MHz band on each side extra to avoid Inter-System Interference Total BW = 500 MHz

Satellite Communications-II

TWO TYPES OF DUPLEXING

A Duplex Link allows simultaneous transmission of information in both directions

Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) two frequency channels for

each up/down link i.e. one frequency channel for Tx and other for Rx

Time Division Duplex (TDD) a single frequency channel shared

by both Tx and Rx

Satellite Communications-II

THREE MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES

Satellite Multiple Accessing/Destination means more than one users/earth
stations can access to one or more Radio Channels (Transponders) on board

FDMA
TDMA CDMA
FH-CDMA DS-CDMA

Satellite Communications-II

CATEGORIZATION OF MA TECHNIQUES
Narrow-band Systems Total system BW is divided into a large
number of narrow-band radio channels FDMA/FDD Each user is assigned two narrow-band radio channels, one for
up-link and other for down-link TDMA When each narrow-band radio channel is divided into number of time slots, and each user is assigned two time slots, one for Tx and other for Rx. Hybrid TDMA/FDMA or TDMA/FDD when two slots {same position in time) of the user are allocated in two different narrow-band radio channels TDMA/TDD when two slots of the user are allocated in the same narrowband radio channel

Wide-band Systems Total spectrum/BW is shared by all users all the

time
Wide-band TDMA, each user is allocated two time slots to use the entire spectrum. TDMA/FDD and TDMA/TDD both configurations are possible. Wide-band CDMA, entire spectrum is used by each user all the time but with use of orthogonal codes. CDMA/FDD and CDMA/TDMA both configurations are possible.

Satellite Communications-II
FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (FDMA)THE CONCEPT
Given Radio Spectrum (RF BW) is divided into a large number of narrow-band radio channels called sub-divisions Each sub-division has its own sub-carrier called IF Carrier A control mechanism is required to ensure that each user/earth station uses only its own assigned sub-division at any time SCPC- a system where each sub-division carries only one 4-kHz voice channel MCPC-a system where several speech/voice band channels are frequency-division multiplexed to form a group, super-group or even master-group FDM/FM/FAMA- a system using a fixed MCPC format over a long period of time DAMA- a system that allows all users continuous and equal access to the entire transponder BW by assigning carrier frequencies on a temporary basis as per demand

Satellite Communications-II

FDMA-Examples
Intelsat IV and V used FDMA/FM/FAMA system SPADE DAMA Satellite System SPADE ES Tx

Satellite Communications-II

FDMA-Examples
SPADE DAMA Satellite System Carrier Frequency
Assignment

Satellite Communications-II

FDMA-Examples
SPADE DAMA Satellite System Frame Structure of
Common Signaling Channel (CSC)

Satellite Communications-II
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (TDMA)-The Basic Concept

Satellite Communications-II
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (TDMA)-The CEPT Primary Multiplex Frame Block Diagram

Satellite Communications-II
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (TDMA)-The CEPT Primary Multiplex Frame Timing Sequence

Satellite Communications-II
FDMA and TDMA A Comparison
In TDMA, only one carrier from any of several Earth Stations is present at Satellite at any time FDMA requires each Earth Station capable of transmitting and receiving on multitude of carrier frequencies (FDMA/DAMA) TDMA is more amenable to digital transmission (storage, processing, rate-conversion etc.) than FDMA TDMA requires precise synchronization

Satellite Communications-II

THREE MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)-The Concept
No restrictions on any user/earth station on time and frequency slots usages, rather any user can use allocated BW or all system BW at any time, however, using a special chip code to spread its low-bandwidth signal over the entire allocated spectrum Spread Spectrum Multiple Access

Satellite Communications-II

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)-The

Concept (Contd) Types Of CDMA Orthogonal Codes Correlation and Cross-Correlation How Spreading and De-Spreading is done? Processing Gain, G = Chip Rate/Date Rate

Next

Satellite Communications-II

Correlation and Cross-Correlation

Back

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Satellite Communications-II

FH-Spread Spectrum

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Satellite Communications-II

DS-Spread Spectrum

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Example

2.7

We consider a case where 8 chips per bit are used to generate the Walsh functions. Specify these functions, sketch them, and show that they are orthogonal to each other.

H8 =

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0

0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0

0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1

O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 O7 O8

T/4

T/2

3T/4

T/4

T/2

3T/4

+1 O1 -1
T/4 T/2 3T/4 T

+1 O5 -1
T/4 T/2 3T/4 T

+1 -1

+1 O2 -1

O6

T/4

T/2

3T/4

T/4

T/2

3T/4

+1 O3 -1
T/4 T/2 3T/4 T

+1 O7 -1
T/4 T/2 3T/4 T

+1 -1

+1 O4 -1

O8

Figure 2.12 Plots of Walsh functions.

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Example

2.8

We consider a case where 8 chips per bit are used to generate the Walsh functions. Stations A, B, C, and D are assigned the chip sequence 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1, 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1, 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0, 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1, respectively. The stations use the chip sequence to send a 1 bit and use negative chip sequences to send a 0 bit(e.g., station A uses 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 to send the 0 bit and so on). All chip sequences are pairwise orthogonal. This implies that the normalized correlation of any two distinct chip sequences is 0 and the normalized correlation of any chip sequence with itself is 1. We assume that all stations are synchronized in time; therefore, chip sequences begin at the same instant. When two or more stations transmit simultaneously, their bipolar signals add linearly. For example, if in one chip period three stations output +1 and one station outputs -1, the net result is +2. We consider five different cases when one or more stations transmit(see table 2.5). We want to show that the reciever recovers the bit stream of station C by computing the normalized inner products of the recieved sequences with the chip sequence of station C. Chip Sequence A: B: C: D: 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 Binary Values of Chip Sequence A: B: C: D: (-1 (-1 (-1 (-1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1) -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1) +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1) -1 -1 -1 +1 +1 +1 +1)

The normalized inner products are (see table 2.5) S1 8 S2 8 S3 8 S4 8 S5 8 C = C = C = C = C = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 8 2 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 0 + 2 + 2 + 0 8 3 + 1 + 1 - 1 + 3 + 1 + 1 - 1 8 2 + 0 + 0 - 2 + 2 + 0 + 0 - 2 8 1 - 1 - 1 - 3 + 1 - 1 - 1 - 3 8 = = = = = 1 1 1 0 -1

Thus, the receiver recovers a bit sequence of 1 1 1 - 0 for station C. We assume that all the chips are synchronized in time. In a real situation it is impossible to do so. The sender and receiver are synchronized by having the sender transmit a long enough known chip sequence that the receiver can lock onto it. All other (unsynchronized) transmissions are then seen as random noise. Table 2.5 Five cases Stationa(A B C D) - - 1 - - 1 1 1 1 1 11 - 1 1 0 Transmitting C C A A A Received Chip Sequesnce S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 = = = = = (-1 (-2 (-3 (-2 (-1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1) 0 0 -2 0 +2 0 +2 0) +1 +1 +1 -3 +1 +1 +1) 0 0 +2 -2 0 0 +2) -1 -1 +3 -1 -1 -1 +3)

+ + + +

D B + C B B + C

a. Note: a dash (-) means no transmission by that station

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Satellite Communications-II

SATELLITE RADIO NAVIGATION

Navstar GPS

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