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Overview
Cognition Reasoning Decision making Problem solving Language Creativity
Thinking
Consciousness contains rapidly shifting pattern of diverse thoughts, impressions, and feelings Thoughts: internal representations of external world
Basic components: concepts, propositions, and images
Concepts
Concepts: mental categories for objects or events that are similar to one another in certain respects
Logical concepts: t can be clearly defined by set of rules or properties Natural concepts: fuzzy as have no fixed or readily specified set of defining features
Prototypes: best or clearest examples of various objects or stimuli in the physical world
Representation of Concepts
Possible theories
1. Represented in terms of their features or attributes stored in memory 2. Represented through visual images or mental pictures of objects or events in external world 3. Represented through their links to schemas and other broad cognitive frameworks.
Propositions
Thinking is not a passive process but involves active manipulation of concepts Cognitive actions take form of propositions or sentences Propositions: sentences that relate one concept to another and can stand as separate declarations
Cluster of propositions are represented as mental models
Mental models: knowledge structures that guide our interactions with objects and events in world
Reasoning
Reasoning: cognitive activity in which transform information to reach conclusions
Formal reasoning: information is supplied and the problem solved straightforward and reasoning follows specific method
Everyday reasoning: information may be missing, problems may have several answers and may relate to other issues Reduction in ability to reason
Confirmation bias: pay attention to information that confirms existing views or beliefs Hindsight effect: assume better at predicting actual events than is really true
Escalation of commitment: become increasingly committed to bad decisions, even as losses increase
Avoid
Provide feedback of losses in relation to resources Limit available resources Allow people diffuse responsibility Make clear people held accountable
Creativity
Creativity: ability to produce work that is both novel, (original, unexpected), and appropriate, (it is useful or meets task constraints)
Mundane creativity Exceptional creativity
Research showed exposure to examples of previous ideas or work restricts creative thought
Creativity cont
Confluence approach: creativity to occur, multiple components must Confluence of all resources
Intellectual abilities - see problems in new ways Knowledge Certain styles of thinking - preference for novel ways Personality attributes - willingness to take risks Intrinsic, task-focused motivation Supportive creative environment
Language Development
Social learning view proposes speech is acquired through operant conditioning and imitation Noam Chomsky - language acquisition partly innate
language acquisition device or a built-in neural system that intuitive grasp of grammar
Summary
Cognition refers to the processes of thought, and includes the study of reasoning, decision making, problem solving and creativity. Concepts, propositions and images are considered the basic elements of the thought process. Types of reasoning studied are formal reasoning which involves syllogistic logic and everyday reasoning which allows for biases and errors. Decision making refers to the process of choosing between alternatives. The most common rules of thumb are the availability heuristic, the representativeness heuristic, and the anchoring and adjustment heuristic. Trial and error techniques, algorithms and analogies are used in problem solving. The confluence approach of creativity is the idea that multiple components must converge in order for creativity to occur.