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DNA Replication
Each of the 2 DNA strands is copied by machinery in the cell Each new daughter strand has a sequence complimentary to the original template strand Replication essential to allow cell division (Mitosis) where 1 cell becomes 2
DNA Replication
C A T T A G A T T
G A T
T
A A G
DNA Replication
DNA Replication
Replication fork : leading strand and lagging strand DNA synthesized in the 5 3 direction The 5-3 synthesis of the leading strand is continuous. The lagging strand is also synthesized in the 53 direction but in small segments This segments referred to as Okazaki fragments Okazaki fragments has 100 200 nucleotides DNA ligase joined the Okazaki fragments. 5 DNA Polymerase : , , , and
meiosis
Gene Structure
5UTR
Introns Exons
3UTR
Promoter
ATG start
Protein Synthesis
Transcription
DNA
RNA
Protein
Translation
Transcription
3 Nuclear RNA Polymerase : mRNA transcribed by RNA Polymerase II The initiation of transcription involves binding RNA Polymerase to a specific DNA sequence called a Promoter Many promoters for RNA Polymerase II contain consensus sequences, referred to as the TATA box ( T A T A A/T A A/T A/G) which occur about 25-35 bp upstream from the transcription initiation site. The activity of many promoters is affected by Enhancers (regulatory sequences that may occur thousands of base pairs upstream or downstream of the gene they affect.
Protein Synthesis
Transcription
DNA
RNA
Protein
Translation
rRNA : 40s particle (sebuah 18S RNA dan 55 % protein) ; 60S particle (28S; 5,8S; 5S rRNA dan protein) Translation: 1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3 Termination Translational initiation signal : AUG mRNA become translated through 5 3 direction Elongation : Peptidyl transferase. Termination : Stop Codon (UAG, UAA, UGA) Amino acid will be activated and linked to the tRNA by Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase.
Nukleotida 2.
C
Ser
U
U U C C C C
Phe
Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu
Ser
Ser Ser Pro Pro Pro Pro
Tyr
STOP STOP His His Gln Gln
Cys
STOP Trp Arg Arg Arg Arg
C
A G U C A G
U
A Ile
C
Thr
A
Asn
G
Ser U
A
A
Ile
Ile
Thr
Thr
Asn
Lys
Ser
Arg
C
A
A
G G G G
Met
Val Val Val Val
Thr
Ala Ala Ala Ala
Lys
Asp Asp Glu Glu
Arg
Gly Gly Gly Gly
G
U C A G