TONG HP HU C & HOA DAU

GV: AO TH KIM THOA Bo mon CNCB Dau kh, Khoa CNHH, H Bach Khoa Tp. HCM

BAI 1

NGUYEN LIEU CHO HOA DAU

I. Gii thieu:

Nguyen lieu: dau tho, kh thien nhien

Dau mo co 2 hng s dung: nang lng (loc dau) hoa chat (hoa dau)

1 thung dau
19 gallons naphtha

Xang cho 650 dam

ethylene

propylene

C4 olefins

aromatics

nhien lieu

PE

Ethylene glycol 160 yard ong nc 21 ao thun

PP 4 vo lon bia hoac 30 cuon si ben

Acrylonitrile 21 ao len hoac 5 men

elastomer

Caprolactam

6 thung rac hoac 276 m2 film cho nha knh

1 vo xe hi hoac 13 vo xe ap 3 ruot xe hi hoac 17 ruot xe ap

500 cap v da

Catalytic Reforming produces high octane gasoline for todays automobiles. Gasoline and naphtha feedstocks are heated to 500 degrees Celsius and flow through a series of fixed-bed catalytic reactors. Because the reactions which produce higher octane compounds (aliphatic in this case) are endothermic (absorb heat) additional heaters are installed between reactors to keep the reactants at the proper temperature. The catalyst is a platinum (Pt) metal on an

alumina (Al2O3) base. While catalysts are never consumed in chemical

reactions, they can be fouled, making them less effective over time. The series of reactors used in Catalytic Reforming are therefore designed to be disconnected, and swiveled out of place, so the catalyst can be regenerated.

Alkylation is another process for producing high octane gasoline. The reaction requires an acid catalyst (sulfuric acid, H2SO4 or hydrofluoric acid, HF) at low temperatures (1-40 degrees Celsius) and low pressures (1-10 atmospheres). The acid composition is usually kept at about 50% making the mixture very corrosive.

Catalytic Cracking takes long molecules and breaks them into much smaller molecules. The cracking reaction is very endothermic, and requires a large amount of heat. Another problem is that reaction quickly fouls the Silica (SiO2)

and alumina (Al2O3) catalyst by forming coke on its surface. However, by using
a fluidized bed to slowly carry the catalyst upwards, and then sending it to a regenerator where the coke can be burned off, the catalyst is continuously regenerated. This system has the additional benefit of using the large amounts of heat liberated in the exothermic regeneration reaction to heat the cracking reactor. The FCC system is a brilliant reaction scheme, which turns two negatives (heating and fouling) into a positive, thereby making the process

extremely economical.

Hydroprocessing includes both hydrocracking and hydrotreating techniques. Hydrotreating involves the addition of hydrogen atoms to molecules without actually breaking the molecule into smaller pieces. Hydrotreating involves temperatures of about 325 degrees Celsius and pressures of about 50 atmospheres. Many catalysts will work, including; nickel, palladium, platinum, cobalt, and iron. Hydrocracking breaks longer molecules into smaller ones. Hydrocracking involves temperatures over 350 degrees Celsius and pressures up to 200 atmospheres. In both cases, very long residence times (about an hour) are required because of the slow nature of the reactions.

Oil consumption per capita (darker colors represent more consumption).

Oil producing countries

Oil exports by country

Oil imports by country

Environmental effects

U.S. Market for Catalysts by Applications, 2005 and 2010 ($ Millions)

RC-200N Petrochemical (Petroleum and Chemical) Catalysts - Updated Edition

II. S lc ve cac hp chat hydrocarbon: hydrocarbon

hydrocarbon beo (h)

hydrocarbon vong

HC no

HC khong no

HC vong no

HC vong thm

HC d vong

II. Nguyen lieu c ban:

Nguyen lieu c ban Dau tho

Kh thien nhien

Kh ong hanh

Kh khong ong hanh (kh thien nhien)

C1

C1

C 2 C3

C4

C 5 C 6 C 7

C2

C3 C4 C 5 C6

C7

H2S CO2 H2O N2 He Ar

H2O KL TCCH (S) (N) (O)

X LY KH THIEN NHIEN
TACH LOAI KH ACID: H2S, CO2 H2S: an mon, ngo oc CO2: giam nhiet tr, hoa ran TACH LOAI NC an mon, hydrate hoa giam hieu suat ng ong HAP THU VAT LY HAP PHU VAT LY HAP THU HOA HOC

HAP THU VAT LY HAP PHU VAT LY HAP THU HOA HOC Kh kho (LNG) Phan long (NGL) C2 C3 C4 (LPG) C5+ (NG)

THU HOI HYDROCARBON

Giam o tinh khiet san pham

Schematic flow diagram of a typical natural gas processing plant

Natural gas production by country (countries in brown and then red have the largest production)

A natural gas processing plant

A bus using natural gas

dau tho

hydrocarbon
paraffin naphthene aromatic

non-hydrocarbon
hp chat S hp chat N hp chat O

kim loai

nc

tap chat c hoc

A mixture of crude oil, water and sand about two minutes after it has come out of the Captain field in the Moray Firth. The caramelly effect is caused by the water and oil joining in an emulsion.

Pouring crude oil

III. Nguyen lieu th cap: cac qua trnh che bien nguyen lieu th cap cac qua trnh che bien

nguyen lieu c ban

san pham

1. Dau tho 2. Kh thien nhien

1. Methane 2. Ethylene 3. Propylene

4. Butylenes
5. Benzene 6. Toluene

7. Xylenes