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SAE grade 4118 4120 4121 4130 4135 4137 4140 4142 4145 4147 4150 4161
*
% Cr 0.400.60 0.400.60 0.450.65 0.801.10 0.801.10 0.801.10 0.801.10 0.801.10 0.801.10 0.801.10 0.801.10 0.700.90
% Mo 0.080.15 0.130.20 0.200.30 0.150.25 0.150.25 0.150.25 0.150.25 0.150.25 0.150.25 0.150.25 0.150.25 0.250.35
%C* 0.180.23 0.180.23 0.180.23 0.280.33 0.330.38 0.350.40 0.380.43 0.400.45 0.430.48 0.450.50 0.480.53 0.560.64
% Mn 0.700.90 0.901.20 0.751.00 0.400.60 0.700.90 0.700.90 0.751.00 0.751.00 0.751.00 0.751.00 0.751.00 0.751.00
% P (max) 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035
% S (max) 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040
% Si 0.150.35 0.150.35 0.150.35 0.150.35 0.150.35 0.150.35 0.150.35 0.150.35 0.150.35 0.150.35 0.150.35 0.150.35
The carbon composition of the alloy is denoted by the last two digits of the SAE specification number, in hundredths of a percent
Mechanical properties
Material
Condition
Hardness (Rockwell)
4130
B 9096
B 9095
B 96100
4150
B 9096
After the first decade of Cr-Mo welding, three major considerations were identified: Hydrogen contamination Temper embrittlement Stress concentrations Recognition of these common factors, which often led to cracking during welding of Cr-Mo steels prompted research to improve the welding processes.
Pre-heat eliminates hydrogen sources, such as condensate, from the material surface and slows the cooling rates giving entrapped hydrogen time to diffuse from the weld. Post heat, that is holding the weldment at interpass temperatures after welding provides additional diffusion time for hydrogen to escape. The PWHT, standardized at 677C for 1 h/in. of plate thickness provides stress relief of the vessel lowers the weld metal hardness, and allows more time for the hydrogen to diffuse from the weld metal.
The PWHT should not exceed the tempering temperature applied by the steel mill. Exceeding the tempering temperature degrades the mechanical properties of the base material. Retaining mechanical properties after several PWHT operations is difficult for both the base materials and the welds.
STEEL
0.5 cr-0.5 mo
UPTO 13mm
38c
13-25 mm
95c
OVER 25 mm
150c
1 cr-0.5 mo
1.25 cr-0.5 mo 2 cr-0.5 mo 2.25 cr-1 mo 3 cr-1 mo 5 cr-0.5 mo 7 cr-0.5 mo 9 cr-1 mo
38c
38c 65c 65c 120c 205c 205c 205c
95c
95c 95c 95c 150c 205c 205c 205c
150c
150c 150c 150c 205c 260c 260c 260c
PRE-HEAT TEMPERATURES
3 cr-1 mo
5 cr-0.5 mo 7 cr-0.5 mo 9 cr-1 mo
675-745C
675-760C 675-760C 675-760C
PWHT TEMPERATURES
Electrodes used must be of low hydrogen specifications. 309-310 grades of s.s are often employed for minor repair welding of Cr-Mo steels. However these grades are not used in applications involving thermal cyclic stresses because the difference in co-efficients of thermal expansions results in internal stress at weld interface during service.
REFERANCES
Stewart, C. W., Stryk, A., and Pres- ley, L. 2006. Coke drum design. Petroleum Technology Quarterly, Q3. ASM Metals Handbook, Vol. 1, Properties and Selection. 2000. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International, p. 689. Bruscato, R. 1970. Temper embrittlement and creep embrittlement of 2 Cr-1 Mo shielded metal arc weld deposits. Welding Journal 49(4): 148156 Welding engineering & technology by R.S parmar.
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