ROAD CONSTRUCTION

Presented by:Shristy Deep Godara Sumit Ghugharwal Sudhanshu Gautum

What is a Road???
A road is a thoroughfare, route, or way on land between two places, which typically has been paved or otherwise improved to allow travel by some conveyance, including a horse, cart, or motor vehicle. Roads consist of one, or sometimes two, roadways each with one or more lanes and also any associated sidewalks and road verges. Roads that are available for use by the public may be referred to as public roads or highways.

Historical Road Construction

The assertion that the first pathways were the trails made by animals has not been universally accepted, since in many cases animals do not follow constant paths. Others believe that some roads originated from following animal trails. The Icknield Way is given as an example of this type of road origination, where man and animal both selected the same natural line. By about 10,000 BC, rough pathways were used by human travelers. The world's oldest known paved road was laid in Egypt some time between 2600 and 2200 BC. Brick-paved streets were used in India as early as 3000 BC and so on.

Paved Roman Road

These types of roads were build in 320Bc and covered a large area in Italy.

How Construction Is Done..??

Road construction involves many steps that are to be followed. They are :o Road Base o Sub Grade o Sub Base o Compaction o Chambers

oROADBASE The ROADBASE (base) is the main load-bearing / load spreading layer in the road structure and is usually 100mm. or more thick depending on the loading of the traffic for which the road is designed.

oSUBGRADE Sub grades are commonly compacted before the construction of a road, pavement or railway track, and are sometimes stabilized by the addition of asphalt, soil cement, Portland cement or lime. It is the foundation of the pavement structure, on which the sub base is laid.

oSub Base It is the layer of aggregate material laid on the sub grade, on which the base course layer is located. It may be omitted when there will be only foot traffic on the pavement, but it is necessary for surfaces used by vehicles. Sub base is often the main load-bearing layer of the pavement. Its role is to spread the load evenly over the sub grade. The materials used may be either unbound granular, or cement-bound. The quality of sub base is very important for the useful life of the road. Unbound granular materials are usually crushed stone, crushed slag or concrete, or slate.

oBASE COURSE This is the layer of material above the ROADBASE, except in some "new" high stability road designs that we won't cover here. The BASECOURSE (binder course) is a load spreading layer, spreading the load imposed on the WEARING COURSE (surface course) over a wider area of the ROADBASE (base). Also the BASECOURSE (binder course) is laid to tight tolerances with a good surface so that the WEARING COURSE (surface course) can be laid accurately to "line and level" and so produce a better ride quality of the WEARING COURSE .

After the base course compaction takes place. In compaction the road is leveled by simple equipments. Road roller is the best example of compaction. It helps in removing all the unnecessary particles and air spaces etc. In this way the road is constructed and after construction Chambers are build. These chambers are basically the cemented paths that we normally see on the sides of a road. They are commonly know as footpaths and are made for the citizens or the pedestrians to walk.. During Rainy season because of these chambers water blockage doesn't takes place . Thus, it is very important for every Civil Engineer to follow these steps for the construction of roads.

Maintenance Of Roads
Like all structures, roads deteriorate over time. Deterioration is primarily due to accumulated damage from vehicles, however environmental effects such as frost heaves, thermal cracking and oxidation often contribute. virtually all roads require some form of maintenance before they come to the end of their service life. Proactive agencies use pavement management techniques to continually monitor road conditions and schedule preventive maintenance treatments as needed to prolong the lifespan of their roads. Technically advanced agencies monitor the road network surface condition with sophisticated equipment such as laser/inertial Profilometers. These measurements include road curvature, cross slope, asperity, roughness, rutting and texture. This data is fed into a pavement management system, which recommends the best maintenance or construction treatment to correct the damage that has occurred.

Maintenance Of Road

Thanks For Your Attention