DEVELOPMENT OF PERIODIC TABLE

ANTOINE LAVOISIER
GAS
Light Calor Oxygen Nitrogen hydrogen

NON-METAL
Sulfur Fosfor Carbon Chloride acid Fluoride acid Borax acid Antimon Arsen Cobalt Tin Mangan Molibdenum

METAL
Gold Lead Zinc Mercury Bismuth Copper

SOIL
Calcium Magnesium Barit Alumina Silica

JOHANN WOLFGANG DOBEREINER (Dobereiner Triad Law)

Triad 1 ( Alkalin Metal )
Lithium 7 Sodium 23 Potassium 39

Triad 2 ( Earth Alkalin )

Triad 3 Triad 4 ( Halogen ) ( Group 4 )

Sulfur 32,06 Selenium 78,96 Telurium 127,60

Calcium 40.08 Chlorin 35,45 Stronsium 87,62 Bromin 79,91 Barium 137,34 Iodin 126,90

The 8th element will have similar properties with the 1st element.

JOHN NEWLANDS ENGLISH (LAW OF OCTAVES)

H Li G Be C N O

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

F 8 Na 9 Mg 10 Al 11 Si 12 P 13 S 14

Cl 15 K 16 Ca17 Cr 18 Ti 19 Mn 20 Fe 21

Co/Ni 22 Cu 23 Zn 25 Y 24 In 26 As 27 Se 28

Br 29 Rb 30 Sr 31 Ce/Le 33 Zr 32 Di/Mo 34 Ro/Ru 35

Pd 36 Ag 37 Cd 38 U 40 Sn 39 Sb 41 Te 43

I 42 Cs 44 Ba/V 45 Ta 46 W 47 Nb 48 Au 49

Pt/Ir 50 Tl 53 Pb 54 Th 56 Hg 52 Bi 55 Os 51

MENDELEEV
Periodic Law - allowed him to predict properties of unknown elements The elements are arranged according to increasing atomic weights

Missing elements: 44, 68, 72, & 100 amu

HENRY MOSELEY
Moseley arranged the elements based on the increasing of atomic number. Moseley periodic table was considered as modern periodic table until the middle of the 20th century.

Periodic Table of the Elements

IA 1 1 II A III B IV B VB VI B VII B VIII B IB II B III A IV A VA VI A VII A 1 VIII A 2

H
1.008

H
1.008

He
4.0026 10

3 2

Li
6.939

Be
9.0122

B
10.811

C
12.011

N
14.007

O
15.999

F
18.998

Ne
20.183

11 3

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

Na
22.99

Mg
24.312

Al
26.982

Si
28.086

P
30.974

S
32.064

Cl
35.453

Ar
39.948

19 4

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

K
39.102

Ca
40.08

Sc
44.956

Ti
47.89

V
50.942

Cr
51.996

Mn
54.938

Fe
55.847

Co
58.932

Ni
58.71

Cu
63.54

Zn
65.37

Ga
69.72

Ge
72.59

As
74.922

Se
78.96

Br
79.909

Kr
83.8

37 5

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

Rb
85.468

Sr
87.62

Y
88.906

Zr
91.224

Nb
92.906

Mo
95.94

Tc
* 98

Ru
101.07

Rh
102.91

Pd
106.42

Ag
107.9

Cd
112.41

In
114.82

Sn
118.71

Sb
121.75

Te
127.61

I
126.9

Xe
131.29

55 6

56

57

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

Cs
132.91

Ba
137.33

**La
138.91

Hf
178.49

Ta
180.95

W
183.85

Re
186.21

Os
190.2

Ir
192.22

Pt
195.08

Au
196.97

Hg
200.29

Tl
204.38

Pb
207.2

Bi
208.98

Po
* 209

At
* 210

Rn
* 222

87 7

88

89

104

105

106

107

108

109

110 * 269 63

111 * 272 64

112 * 277 65

113

114

115

116

Fr
* 223

Ra ***Ac
226.03 227.03

Rf
* 261

Ha
* 262 58

Sg
* 263 59

Ns
* 262 60

Hs
* 265 61

Mt
* 268 62

Uun Uuu Uub

Uut

Uuq Uup Uuh

S.M.Condren 2003

*284 *285 *288 *292 Based on symbols used by ACS 66 67 68 69

70

71

* Designates that **Lanthanum all isotopes are Series radioactive *** Actinium Series

Ce
140.12

Pr
140.91

Nd
144.24

Pm
* 145

Sm
150.36

Eu
151.96

Gd
157.25

Tb
158.93

Dy
162.51

Ho
164.93

Er
167.26

Tm
168.93

Yb
173.04

Lu
174.97

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

Th
232.04

Pa
231.04

U
238.03

Np
237.05

Pu
* 244

Am
* 243

Cm
* 247

Bk
* 247

Cf
* 251

Es
* 252

Fm
* 257

Md
* 258

No
* 259

Lr
* 260

Organization of Periodic Table

period - horizontal row group - vertical column

Family Names
Group IA alkali metals Group IIA alkaline earth metals Group VIIA halogens Group VIIIA noble gases transition metals inner transition metals lanthanum series rare earths actinium series trans-uranium series

Types of Elements
metals nonmetals metalloids - semimetals

Types of Elements

Metals

an element that is a good conductor of electricity at room temperature, most are solids malleable- can be rolled or hammered into sheets ductile- can be made into wire high tensile strength- can resist breakage when pulled most have silvery or grayish white luster

Types of Elements

Nonmetals
an

element that is a poor conductor of heat and electricity many are gases at room temperature some are solids: usually brittle, not malleable

Types of Elements

Metalloids
an

element that has some characteristics of metals and nonmetals appear along staricase line B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te all are solids at room temperature less malleable that metals but less brittle than nonmetals are semiconductors

Alkali Metals
Most active metals, only found in compounds in nature React violently with water to form hydrogen gas and a strong base: 2 Na (s) + H2O (l) 2 NaOH (aq) + H2 (g) 1 valence electron Form +1 ion by losing that valence electron Form oxides like Na2O, Li2O, K2O

Alkaline Earth Metals

Very active metals, only found in compounds in nature React strongly with water to form hydrogen gas and a base: Ca (s) + 2 H2O (l) Ca(OH)2 (aq) + H2 (g) 2 valence electrons Form +2 ion by losing those valence electrons Form oxides like CaO, MgO, BaO

Transition Metals
Many can form different possible charges of ions If there is more than one ion listed, give the charge as a Roman numeral after the name Cu+1 = copper (I) Cu+2 = copper (II) Compounds containing these metals can be colored.

Halogens
Most reactive nonmetals React violently with metal atoms to form halide compounds: 2 Na + Cl2 2 NaCl Only found in compounds in nature Have 7 valence electrons Gain 1 valence electron from a metal to form -1 ions Share 1 valence electron with another nonmetal atom to form one covalent bond.

Noble Gases
Are completely nonreactive since they have eight valence electrons, making a stable octet. Kr and Xe can be forced, in the laboratory, to give up some valence electrons to react with fluorine. Since noble gases do not naturally bond to any other elements, one atom of noble gas is considered to be a molecule of noble gas. This is called a monatomic molecule. Ne represents an atom of Ne and a molecule of Ne.

Diatomic Molecules

Br, I, N, Cl, H, O and F are so reactive that they exist in a more chemically stable state when they covalently bond with another atom of their own element to make two-atom, or diatomic molecules. Br2, I2, N2, Cl2, H2, O2 and F2

The decomposition of water:

2 H2O 2 H2 + O2

Periodicity Properties of Elements

Atomic Radius
Atomic radius is the distance between outermost electron to the nuclei of the atom. In the same group, the atomic radius increases from up to the bottom. In the same period, the atomic radius decreases from left to the right.

Relative atomic sizes for selected atoms.

Electron Affinity
Electron affinity is the released energy by an atom in gas form, after it accepts an electron. In the same period from left to right, the affinity has increasing tendency. In the same group, from bottom to up, the affinity has increasing tendency.

Ionization Energy
Ionization energy is defined as the minimum energy required for ionizing an isolated gaseous atom to produce positive ion. In the same period from left to right the ionization energy has increasing tendency. In the same group from up to bottom, the ionization potential has decreasing tendency.

Electronegativity
Electronegativity is the tendency of every element for attracting electrons into its bonding. In the same period from left to right the electronegativity has increasing tendency. In the same group from up to bottom, the electronegativity has decreasing tendency.

Ions

Ions are charged particles formed by the gain or loss of electrons. Metals lose electrons (oxidation) to form (+) charged cations. Nonmetals gain electrons (reduction) to form (-) charged anions. Atoms will gain or lose electrons in such a way that they end up with 8 valence electrons (stable octet). The exceptions to this are H, Li, Be and B, which are not large enough to support 8 valence electrons. They must be satisfied with 2 (Li, Be, B) or 0 (H).

Metal Ions (Cations)

Na: 2-8-1 Na+1: 2-8

Ca: 2-8-8-2 Ca+2: 2-8-8 Al: 2-8-3 Al+3: 2-8

Note that when the atom loses its valence electron, the next lower PEL becomes the valence PEL.

Notice how the dot diagrams for metal ions lack dots! Place brackets around the element symbol and put the charge on the upper right outside!

Nonmetal Ions (Anions)

F: 2-7 F-1: 2-8

O: 2-6 O-2: 2-8

Note how the ions all have 8 valence electrons. Also note the gained electrons as red dots. Nonmetal ion dot diagrams show 8 dots, with brackets around the dot diagram and the charge of the ion written to the upper right side outside the brackets.

N: 2-5 N-3: 2-8

Ionic Bonding

If two atoms that are different in EN (END) from each other by 1.7 or more collide and bond (like a metal atom and a nonmetal atom), the one with the higher electronegativity will pull the valence electrons away from the atom with the lower electronegativity to form a (-) ion. The atom that was stripped of its valence electrons forms a (+) ion. The oppositely charged ions attract to form the bond. It is a surface bond that can be broken by melting or dissolving in water. Ionic bonding forms ionic crystal lattices, not molecules.

Example of Ionic Bonding

Covalent Bonding

If two nonmetal atoms have an END of 1.7 or less, they will share their unpaired valence electrons to form a covalent bond. A particle made of covalently bonded nonmetal atoms is called a molecule. If the END is between 0 and 0.4, the sharing of electrons is equal, so there are no charged ends. This is NONPOLAR covalent bonding. If the END is between 0.5 and 1.7, the sharing of electrons is unequal. The atom with the higher EN will be d- and the one with the lower EN will be d+ charged. This is a POLAR covalent bonding. (d means partial)

Examples of Covalent Bonding

Metallic Bonding

Metal atoms of the same element bond with each other by sharing valence electrons that they lose to each other. This is a lot like an atomic game of hot potato, where metal kernals (the atom inside the valence electrons) sit in a crystal lattice, passing valence electrons back and forth between each other). Since electrons can be forced to travel in a certain direction within the metal, metals are very good at conducting electricity in all phases.

Compounds
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) Types of Compounds Formula Writing Formula Naming Empirical Formulas Molecular Formulas Types of Chemical Reactions Balancing Chemical Reactions Attractive Forces

Types of Compounds

Ionic: made of metal and nonmetal ions. Form an ionic crystal lattice when in the solid phase. Ions separate when melted or dissolved in water, allowing electrical conduction. Examples: NaCl, K2O, CaBr2 Molecular: made of nonmetal atoms bonded to form a distinct particle called a molecule. Bonds do not break upon melting or dissolving, so molecular substances do not conduct electricity. EXCEPTION: Acids [H+A- (aq)] ionize in water to form H3O+ and A, so they do conduct. Network: made up of nonmetal atoms bonded in a seemingly endless matrix of covalent bonds with no distinguishable molecules. Very high m.p., dont conduct.

Ionic Compounds
Ionic Crystal Structure, then adding heat (or dissolving in water) to break up the crystal into a liquid composed of free-moving ions.

Molecular Compounds

Network Solids
Network solids are made of nonmetal atoms covalently bonded together to form large crystal lattices. No individual molecules can be distinguished. Examples include C (diamond) and SiO2 (quartz). Corundum (Al2O3) also forms these, even though Al is considered a metal. Network solids are among the hardest materials known. They have extremely high melting points and do not conduct electricity.

Formula Writing
The charge of the (+) ion and the charge of the (-) ion must cancel out to make the formula. Use subscripts to indicate how many atoms of each element there are in the compound, no subscript if there is only one atom of that element. Na+1 and Cl-1 = NaCl Ca+2 and Br-1 = CaBr2 Al+3 and O-2 = Al2O3 Zn+2 and PO4-3 = Zn3(PO4)2 Try these problems!

Formulas to Write
Ba+2 and N-3 NH4+1 and SO4-2 Li+1 and S-2 Cu+2 and NO3-1 Al+3 and CO3-2 Fe+3 and Cl-1 Pb+4 and O-2 Pb+2 and O-2

Formula Naming

Compounds are named from the elements or polyatomic ions that form them. KCl = potassium chloride Na2SO4 = sodium sulfate (NH4)2S = ammonium sulfide AgNO3 = silver nitrate Notice all the metals listed here only have one charge listed? So what do you do if a metal has more than one charge listed? Take a peek!

The Stock System

CrCl2 = chromium (II) chloride CrCl3 = chromium (III) chloride CrCl6 = chromium (VI) chloride

Try Co(NO3)2 and Co(NO3)3

FeO = iron (II) oxide MnS = manganese (II) sulfide Fe2O3 = iron (III) oxide MnS2 = manganese (IV) sulfide The Roman numeral is the charge of the metal ion!

Empirical Formulas

Ionic formulas: represent the simplest whole number mole ratio of elements in a compound. Ca3N2 means a 3:2 ratio of Ca ions to N ions in the compound. Many molecular formulas can be simplified to empirical formulas Ethane (C2H6) can be simplified to CH3. This is the empirical formulathe ratio of C to H in the molecule. All ionic compounds have empirical formulas.

Molecular Formulas
The count of the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule. H2O: a molecule made of two H atoms and one O atom covalently bonded together. C2H6O: A molecule made of two C atoms, six H atoms and one O atom covalently bonded together. Molecular formulas are whole-number multiples of empirical formulas: H2O = 1 X (H2O) C8H16 = 8 X (CH2) Calculating Molecular Formulas