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PROJECT REPORT ON OFC LINK DESIGN FOR SDH SYSTEM OF STM -16
OUTLINE OF PROJECT
OVERVIEW OF FIBRE OPTICS TRANSMISSION SYSTEM PLESIOCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY(PDH) SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HEIRARCHY (SDH) STM-16 DESCRIPTION E1 CONNECTION CONFIGURATION OTDR TESTING
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Introduction Designing a Fiber Optic System Principle of operation of OFC Types of OF cables Optical fiber parameters Advantages of optical fiber Applications of optical fiber
INTRODUCTION
An optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made of a pure glass (silica) not much thicker than a human hair. It functions as a waveguide, or light pipe, to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber.
Optical fibers typically include a transparent core surrounded by a transparent cladding material with a lower index of refraction.Light is kept in the core by total internal reflection.
Designing
Types of OF cables
Single Mode Fibre Multi Mode Fibre 1. Step index 2. Graded index
INTRODUCTION
The term PLESIOCHRONOUS is derived from Greek plesio which means near, and chronous, time. It means, networks works in different state but not perfectly within network. Transmission and reception are synchronized but timing is not The channel clocks derived from diff master clock and range is within limit . It called PLESIOCHRONOUS SIGNAL. PDH signal are neither SYNCHRONOUS nor ASYNCHRONOUS
VERSIONS OF PDH
There are two version in PDH namely THE EUROPEAN. THE AMERICAN. EUROPEAN = 30 CHANNELS. AMERICAN = 24 CHANNELS.
INTRODUCTION
SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) or SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) as it's known in Europe, is a set of standards for interfacing Operating Telephone Company (OTC) optical networks. They are a set of global standards for interfacing equipment from different vendors (One of the few where telephony is concerned).
PDH PRINCIPLE
SDH PRINCIPLE
BIT RATES
SDH MULTIPLEXING
STM FRAMES
SDH EQUIPMENTS
1. TERMINAL MULTIPLEXER
2. REGENERATOR
4. ADD/DROP MULTIPLEXER
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
NETWORK PROTECTION
Protection can be given in 2 ways 1. Ring protection 2. 1:1 protection 3. 1:N protection
QUALITY PARAMETER
Errored Seconds (ES) Seconds during which there is at least one error per block or frame Severely Errored Seconds (SES) Length of time during which a major alarm (LOS, LOF, AIS, Etc.) is recorded or when 30% of the frames received in one second contain errors Unavailability Length of time where SONET equipment is not available (beginning after 10 consecutive SES)
STM-16 DESCRIPTION
E1 CONNECTION CONFIGURATION
STEPS TO BE FOLLOWED
1. Connect the PC to NMS interface of the network element. 2. Log in to an uncommissioned network element requisites.
S.No 1. 2. 3.
Error status NO NO NO
4.
5. 6. 7.
-0.11
-0.11 -0.11 -0.11
-20
-24 -29 -33.8
-20.11
-24.14 -29.20 -33.19
NO
NO NO NO
8.
9.
-0.11
-0.11
-34.7
-99
-34.18
-99.11
NO
YES
S.No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
attenuation Error status -6.99 -16 -22 -25.5 -26 -101.8 NO NO NO NO NO YES
OTDR TESTING
INTRODUCTION
Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) is used for system troubleshooting, verification documentation has always been an important step of the system installation process.
OTDR PRINCIPLE
An OTDR takes advantage of the backscattered light that occurs in all fibers as light travels down the core
LINK BUDGET
Definition: Computation of all losses that comes into account from source node to destination node is called LINK BUDGET. Lets see how to prepare link budget of 2 station (seperated by 100 Kms) connected through of cable.
CONCLUSION
We have successfully created an link between two STM-16 systems.By this we can say that compared to other STM-N systems. STM-16 has very high speed 2.5 Gbps. By using OFC cables we have transmitted the frames between two STM-16 systems and calculated receiver sensitivity using analyzer practically.