Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Hamedi
1) Introduction:
The need for efficient cooling methods for high heat flux components focused attention on the cooling features of microchannels.
Engineering and scientific applications: Inkjet printer Medical applications Micoelecro-mechanical systems (MEMS) Micro heat exchangers, Mixers, Pumps, Turbines, Sensors, Actuators
3) Knudsen Number
The molecular mean free path Characteristic length, such as channel equivalent diameter
De :
For gases:
Kn < 0.001
0.001 < Kn < 0.1 0.1 < Kn < 1 Kn > 1
5) Presentation Scope
distinction between gases and liquids rarefaction and compressibility velocity slip and temperature jump phenomena The effect of compressibility and axial conduction Analytic solutions to Couette and Poiseuille flows and heat transfer convection of gases in microchannels
6) Why Microchannels?
For constant surface temperature, continuum and no-slip solution, the Nusselt number is constant in the fully developed region.
In tubes:
The smaller the diameter, the larger the heat transfer coefficient. Pressure drop through channels increases as channel size becomes smaller.
8) General Features
Knudsen number effect is referred to as rarefaction Density change due to pressure drop along microchannels gives rise to compressibility effects. Viscous dissipation affects temperature distribution channel size affects the velocity profile, flow rate, friction factor, transition Reynolds number, and Nusselt number
9) Flow Rate
For continuum flow through tubes, Po = 64 For fully developed laminar flow in macrochannels Po is independent of Reynolds number.
The departure of C* from unity represents the degree to which macroscopic theory fails to predict microscopic conditions.
Reported values for C* ranged from much smaller than unity to much larger than unity
1. The Poiseuille number Po appears to depend on the Reynolds number. This is in contrast to macrochannels 2. Both increase and a decrease in the friction factor are reported.
3. The conflicting findings are attributed to the difficulty in making accurate measurements of channel size, surface roughness, pressure distribution, as well as uncertainties in entrance effects, transition to turbulent flow, and the determination of thermophysical properties.
For microchannels, reported transition Reynolds numbers ranged from 300 to 16,000. Outlet Reynolds number can be significantly different from inlet.
The effect of size and surface roughness on the transition Reynolds number
The behavior of the Nusselt number for microchannels is not well understood
Difficulties in accurate measurements of temperature and channel size, as well as inconsistencies in the determination of thermophysical properties
Compressibility
Compressibility in microchannel flow results in nonlinear pressure drop Its effect depends on Mach number as well as the Reynolds number
Axial Conduction
Fluid axial conduction in macrochannels was neglected for Peclet numbers greater than 100. Microchannels are typically operated at low Peclet numbers The effect of axial conduction in microchannels is to increase the Nusselt number in the velocity-slip domain The increase in Nusselt number diminishes as the Knudsen number is increased
Dissipation
The dimensionless form of the energy equation
As long as M is small compared to unity, the effect of dissipation can be neglected in microchannels
Assumptions
(1) Steady state, (2) laminar flow, (3) two-dimensional, (4) ideal gas, (5) slip flow regime (0.001 < Kn < 0.1), (6) constant viscosity, conductivity, and specific heats, (7) negligible lateral variation of density and pressure, (8) negligible dissipation (unless otherwise stated), (9) negligible gravity, (10) the accommodation coefficients are assumed to be equal to unity, (T = u = 1)
Flow Field:
Navier-Stokes equations for compressible, constant viscosity flow:
v = constant
v=0
Boundary Conditions:
Knudsen Number
Flow Field:
the effect of slip is to decrease fluid velocity at the moving plate and increase it at the stationary plate.
Nusselt Number:
k : thermal conductivity of fluid T : fluid temperature function (variable) Tm : fluid mean temperature Ts : plate temperature
Energy Equation
According to assumptions:
Nusselt Number:
The Nusselt number is independent of Biot number. This means that changing the heat transfer coefficient h0 does not affect the Nusselt number.
The Nusselt number is independent of the Reynolds number. This is also the case with macrochannel flows. Unlike macrochannels, the Nusselt number depends on the fluid. The first two terms in the denominator represent the effect of rarefaction (Kn number) while the second term represents the effect of temperature jump. Both act to reduce the Nusselt number.
How does microchannel Poiseuille flow differ from fully developed, no-slip macrochannel flow?!
Macrochannels:
1. Parallel streamlines, 2. Zero lateral velocity component (v = 0) 3. Invariant axial velocity with axial distance (u / x = 0) 4. Linear axial pressure
Microchannels:
Compressibility and Rarefaction change this flow pattern
Because of the large pressure drop in microchannels, density change in gaseous flows becomes appreciable and the flow can no longer be assumed incompressible a decrease in pressure in microchannels results in an increase in the mean free path . Thus the Kn number increases along a microchannel axial velocity varies with axial distance lateral velocity component does not vanish streamlines are not parallel pressure gradient is not constant
Flow Field:
For steady state and negligible gravity Negligible inertia forces. This approximation is justified for low Reynolds numbers. (The Reynolds number in most microchannels is indeed small because of the small channel spacing or equivalent diameter.)
Boundary Conditions:
The Knudsen number, which varies with pressure along the channel, represents rarefaction effect on axial velocity.
To complete the flow field solution, the lateral velocity component v and pressure distribution p must be determined:
Continuity Equation:
Ideal Gas:
This result can be expressed in terms of the Knudsen number at the outlet:
Unlike macrochannel Poiseuille flow, pressure variation along the channel is non-linear Knudsen number terms represent rarefaction effect on the pressure distribution. The terms represent the effect of compressibility.
Nusselt number
Energy Equation:
Dimensionless temperature:
Differentiating
Conservation of Energy:
Integrating twice:
Boundary conditions:
Mean Temperature
First method:
Second method:
)1(
)2(
)3( )4(
The Knudsen number in is a function of local pressure. Since pressure varies along the channel, it follows that the Nusselt number varies with distance x. This is contrary to the no-slip macrochannels case where the Nusselt number is constant. Unlike macrochannels, the Nusselt number depends on the fluid, as indicated by Pr and The effect of temperature jump on the Nusselt number is represented by the last term in the denominator Rarefaction and compressibility have the effect of decreasing the Nusselt number. Depending on the Knudsen number, using the no-slip solution can significantly overestimate the Nusselt number.
Reference:
Latif M. Jiji, Heat convection, Springer