GLIMPSES OF ANCIENT INDIAN MATHEMATICS

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PROMINENT INDIAN MATHEMATICIANS

Boudhana/Manava/ Apstamba/katyan Bakhashali Manuscript Aryabhat Brahmagupta Mhaviracharya Bhaskaracharya Narayan Pandit Madhav Nilakantha somayaji Shankar Variyar Jyeshtadeva Ganesh Daivadna Putman Somayaji Shankar Varman Ramanujan 1500 BC 1500 BC 200 BC /200 AD 499 AD 628 AD 850 AD 1150 AD 1356 AD 1400 AD 1500 AD 1500 AD 1550 AD 1520 AD 1732 AD 1823 AD 1910 AD Shulvasutra Shulvasutra

Aryabhatiya Brahmasphutasiddhanta Ganitasarasangraha Lilavati/beejaganita Ganitakoumudi

Tantrasangrah Kriyakarmakari Yuktibhasha Grahalaghav Karanapaddhati Sadratanamala

WHAT INDIANS HAVE DISCOVERED IN MATHEMATICS DISCOVERY AND USE OF ZERO CALCULATIONS WITH ZERO DISCOVERY OF PLACE VALUES

KNOWLEDGE ON INFINITY
USE OF AVERAGE VALUES USE OF FRACTIONS

USE OF RATIO AND PROPORTION

PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATION PARTNERSHIP AND SHARES LOANS AND INTERESTS INTEREST CALCULATION RULES OF CHARGING INTEREST

RULES OF BODIES IN MOTION

PROGRESSION OF THE TYPE

PROGRESSION OF THE TYPE 1^3 + 2^3 + 3^3 + 4^3 + PROGRESSION OF THE TYPE n + n^2 + n^3 + n ^4 FIRST DEGREE INDETERMINATE EQUATION SECOND DEGREE INDETERMINATE EQUATION PYTHAGORUS THEOREM DISCOVERED BY BOUDHAYANA EXPLANATION OF BINOMIAL THEOREM CIRCLE VERY VALUE OF AREA OF CIRCLE AND SPHERE ARC AND CHORD NEWTONS INFINITE GP CONVERGENT SERIES DISCOVERED BY NILAKANTA SOMAYAJI SINE, COSINE, RADIUS AND ARC TAYLOR (1685 AD) SERIES OF SINE AND COSINE DISCOVERED BY NILAKANTA

NEWTON GAUSS (1670) INTERPOLATION FORMULA DISCOVERED BY GOVINDASWAMI NEWTONS (1660 AD) POWER SERIES DISCOVERED BY SOMAYAJI VOLUMES OF CONES GREGORYS (1632 AD) SERIES FOR INVERSE TANGENT DISCOVERED BY MADHAVA CHARYA APPROXIMATE VALUES SURDS BIGNING OF CALCULUS : GANITA UKTIBHASHA PASCAL TRIANGLE : MERU PRASTAR FIBONASSCI SERIES : PINGALA : CHANDASHASTRA PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION BEEJAGANITA AND SO ON AND SO ON AND SO ON

IMPORTANCE OF MATHEMATICS

yaqaa iSaKaa mayauraNaama\ naagaanaama\ maNayaao y tqaOva sava- Saas~aNaama\ gaiNatma\ maUQa-ina itYzit vaodaMga jyaaoitYa
THE NUMBERS FROM ONE TO PARARDHA BHASKARACHARYA

ek dSa Sat sahs~ Ayaut laxa p`yaut kaoTya: k`maSa: Aba-udma\ Abjama\ Kva- inaKva- mahapd\ma SaMkva: tsmaat\ jalaiQaMca An%yama\ maQyaM ParaQa-ma\ [it dSagauNaao<arM saM&a: saM#yaayaa: sqaanaanaaM vyavaharaqa-ma\ kRta: pUvaO-: Baaskracaaya-

DECIMAL SYSTEM IN RIGVED puruYasaU> Rik x-90 Sahs~SaIYaa- puruYa: sahs~axa: sahs~pat\ sa BaUimama\ ivaSvatao vaR%vaa A%yat itYzt dSaaMgaulama\ saPtasyaasana\ pirQaya: i~: saPt saimaQa: kRta: ~IiNa Sata ~I sahs~aiNa i~MSacca dovaa: = 3309 gods Rik3.9.9 catuiBa-: saakM navaitma\ = 94 Rik 1.155.6

AxaaOihNyaa p`saM#yaata rqaanaaM iWjasa<ama saaM#yaa gaiNat%va&O: sah Satanyaupir caOvaaYTaO tqaa BaUyaSca saPtit: gajaanaaM tu pirmaaNama\ ett\ &oyaM Satsahs~M tu sahs~aiNa navaOva tu naraNaama\ pMcaaSat\ Sataina ~Iia PaMcaYaYTI: sahs~aiNa tqaaEvaanaaM Satainaca dSaao<araiNa YaT\ p`ahu yaqa
Chariats = Elephants = 21870 Foot soldiers = 109350 Horses = 65610

mahaBaart

INDIAN DECIMAL SYSTEM OF NUMBERS OPINIONS OF MATHEMATICIANS

It is India that gave us the ingenious method of expressing all numbers By means of ten symbols each symbol receiving a value of position as well as an absolute value; a profound and importnat idea which appears so simple to us now that we ignore its true merit.. We shall Appreciate the grandeur of this achievement the more when we remember that it escaped the genius of Archimedes and Apollonius, Two of the greatest men produced by antiquity. Pierre-Simon Laplace The measure of the genius of Indian civilization, to which we owe our modern system is all the in that it was the only one in all history to have Achieved this s triumph. Georges Ifrah : The modern number system The nine Indian figures are the following : 9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1. This is why With these nine figures and the sign 0, called zephirum in Arabic. All the Numbers you may wish can be written. Leonard Fibonacci We have decided to explain Indian calculating techniques using the Nine characters and to show how, because of their simplicity and Conciseness, these characters are capable of expressing any number. Ibn Musa Al Khuwarizmi

SHULVA SUTRA (1500 BC) : SHYENA CHEETI

SHYEN CHEETI PLAN

THE BAUDHAYAN THEOREM (1500 BC) THE SO CALLED PYTHAGORAS THEOREM

5
4

PROOF OF BAUDHAYANA THEOREM

P a C b c R

a S

c Q c

Area (ACPQYA) = square (ACRX) + square (XSQY) + triangle (CRP) + triangle (QSP) = SQUARE (BCPQ) + triangle (ABC) + triangle (BYQ) All triangles are congruent hence two triangles cancel out square (BCPQ) = square (ACRX) + square (XSQY)

a ^2 = b^2 + c^2

PYTHAGORUS TRIPLES IN SHULVA SUTRA

CIRCLEING A SQUARE : BAUDHAYAN METHOD

E F A G B With radius OA draw an arc AE Select GF = GE/3 Draw a circle with radius OF Area ABCD = Area of circle of radius OF EXAMPLE Let AB = 2 hence AG = 1 and OA = 2 OA = OE = 1.414213 hence GE= .414213 GF = 0.414213/3 = 0.13807 Hence OF = 1.13807 Area of circle = 3.1416 x 1.13807^2 = 4.069 Area of the square = 2 x2 = 4 C

CMdSaas~ ipMgala (500 BC)

Mmaa~a#aMDmao$ Series) (Fibonacci
yavda maa~avaR<aoYau k%yaokgaurva: kit ivdgaurva: [%yaaid &anaaqa-M #aMDmao$: kayaa-:

BINARY NUMBERS IN PINGALS CHANDASHATRA The method 1> If divisible by 2 write one or write zero 2> If not divisible by two then write zero and add one

EXAMPLE 51/2 not divisible hence 0 (51+1 = 52, 52/2 = 26) 26/2 divisible hence 1 13/2 not divisible hence 0 (13+1 =14, 14/2 = 7) 7/2 not divisible hence 0 (7+1 = 8, 8/2 = 4) 4/2 divisible hence 1 2/2 divisible hence 1 1/2 stop
Decimal 51 = Pingals Binary, 010011 010011 0X2^0 + 1X2^1 + 0X2^2 + 0X2^3 + 1X2^4 +1X2^5 = 0 + 2 + 0 + 0 + 16 + 32 =50 (add 1 in the final answer) = 51

INDIAN VALUES OF PI

Saulva saU~ Aaya-BaT varahimaihr ba`(gauPt BaaskracaayamaaQava

1500 BC 499 AD 505 AD

3.088 3.1416 3.14156

628 AD
1150 AD 1370 AD

SQRT(10) = 3.1622
3.1416 OR 22/7 3.1415926535897932 3.141592653 3.141592654 3.1415926536 3.14159265358979324 Formula for billion digits of PI

naIlakMz 1500 AD SaMkr vaairyar 1600 AD puTmana saaomayaajaI 1738 AD SaMkr vama-na 1823 AD ramaanaujama\ 1915 AD

ARYABHAT (500 AD) : CORRECT VALUE OF PI

caturiQakM Satma\ AYTgauNama\ WaSaiYTsqatasahs~aNaama\ AyautWya ivaYkMBasya Aasannaao vaR<apirNaah:

B D A Let R = 5 O
Polygon sides 6 12 384 side length 5 2.588 0.0818 PI 3 3.1058 3.141674

Aasannaao (approximately)

AREA OF CIRCLE ARYABHAT METHOD

A B C

If the circle is divided in to large number of small sections like ABO,BCO,etc. Each section can be treated as a triangle Area of triangle ABO = (1/2) X AB X BO Where AB = base and BO = radius r Total area of the circle = (1/2) x r x SUM(AB) SUM (AB) = circumference of the circle = 2 x (PI) x r Area of circle = (1/2) x r x 2 x (PI) x r Area of circle = (PI) r^2

SINES IN TERSE VERSE RODDAM NARASINGH : NATURE 20/27 2001

ARYABHATS SINE TABLE maiK BaiK fiK QaiK naiK HaiK =iK hsJa skik ikYga SGaik ikQva Glaik ikga` h@ya Qaik ikca sga JaSa =va @la Pt f C klaaQa-jyaa:

BHASKAR-1 (600 AD) SINE FORMULA

BRAHMAGUPTA (628 AD) SINE FORMULA

The Trigonometric relations

Brahmagupta, Lalla

Varahamihir (505 AD)

Bhaskaracharya ( 1114 AD)

BRAHMAGUPTA (628) EaI caapvaMSaitlako EaI vyaaGa`mauKo naRPao SaknaRpaNaama\ pHcaaSa%saMyau>Ov ba``a(: sfuTisaQdaMt: sajjanagaNagaiNatgaaolaiva%p`I%yaO i~MSaWYao-Na kRtao ijaYN
First to give the formula for the area of a cyclic quadrilateral AREA OF CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL

P=

q=

In trigonometry, the Brahmagupta interpolation formula is a special case of the Newton-Stirling interpolation formula, which calculates the values of sine at different intervals. The formula was developed by Brahmagupta in 665, which was later expanded by Newton and Stirling around a thousand years later to develop the more general Newton-Stirling interpolation formula. The Brahmagupta interpolation formula is defined as:

Angle Indian sine difference 0 0 15 39 30 75 45 106 60 130 75 145 90 150

First difference

Second

39 36 31 24 15 5

-3 -5 -7 -9 -10

150Sine (67) = sine (60) + sine(7) = 130 + {(7/15)(15 + 24)/2 + (7/15)(15 24)/2} = 130 + 8.12 = 138.12 Sine(67) = 138.12/150 = 0.9208 (=9205 actual)

In algebra, Brahmagupta's identity, also sometimes called Fibonacci's identity, says that the product of two numbers, each of which is a sum of two squares, is itself a sum of two squares (and in two different ways). In other words the set of all sums of two squares is closed under multiplication. Specifically:

MAHAVIRACHARYA (815 878 AD) GANITASARSANGRAH POLINDROMS 139 X 109 = 15151 152207 X 73 = 11111111 14287143 X 7 = 100010001 12345679 X 9 = 111111111 142857143 X 7 = 1000000001 27994681 X 441 = 12345654321 333333666667 X 33 = 11000011000011

SOME SIMPLE METHODS BY BHASKARACHRYA

Baaskracaaya- : kuT\Tk (pulveriser)

Solve : (100x + 90)/63 = y Solve : 100x 63y + 90 = 0 Do continuous division as follows
num/deno reminder division 100/63 37 1 63/37 26 1 37/26 11 1 26/11 4 2 11/4 3 2 4/3 1 1 Write as follows 1/1/1/2/2/1/90/0 Multiply last but one to last but third and add last and remove it 1/1/1/2/2/1x90+0/90 ---- 1/1/1/2/2/90/90 1/1/1/2/2x90+90/90 ------1/1/1/2/270/90 1/1/1/2x270+90/270-------1/1/1/630/270 1/1/1x630+270/630 -------1/1/900/630 1/1x900+630/900 ----------1/1530/900 1x1530+900/1530 ----------2430/1530 2430/100 ----- reminder : 30 and 1530/63 ----- reminder : 18 X= 18 and y = 30 100x18 + 90 = 63x30 = 1890

Baaskracaaya- : cak`vaala
8x^2 + 1 = y^2 By observation x =1 and y = 3 x = 6 and y = 17 Multiple 8 short long 1 3 6 17 6x6-1=35 17x6-3=99 35x6-6=204 99x6-17=577 204x6-35=1189 577x6-99=3363

vaga-p`kRit cak`vaala pQdt

INDITERMINATE EQUATION OF SECOND ORDER

French mathematician Fermat (1604-1664)asked his friend Bessy to solve This equation, he could not solve it. The equation was solved By Lagrange in 18th century. Bhaskaracharya solved it five Century before Lagrange. The values of x and y are as follows, X = 226153980 y = 1766319049

In connection with the Pells equation Bhaskara gave solutions for five cases , 8,11,32,61, and 67 His solutions for 61 is an impressive feet in calculations And its verifications alone will tax the efforts of the reader. History of mathematics : Boyer Bhaskaras Chakrawala method is beyond all praise is certainly The finest thing achieved in the theory of numbers before Lagrange Herman Hankel (1839-1873) : Famous German mathematician.

k: KgauNaao inajaaQa-yau@t: i~iBa: ca gauiNat: K)t: i~YaiYT:

Addition of a number and its half is multiplied by zero. The result is then multiplied by 3 and divided by zero. If the answer is 63 find the number.
Idea of Limit in Bhaskaracharyas Lilawati : 45

If we take K as d tends to zero

SQUARE OF A NUMBER
BRAHMAGUPTA BHASKARACHARYA

7^2 2X9X7 9^2 2X2X7 2X2X9 2^2

(6x2)x73

3^2
(3x2)x7 7^2

DRAWING REGULAR POLYGONS OF SIDES 3 TO 9 : BHASKARACHARYAS METHOD AB = AC + BC = 2AC =2 x R x SIN() n X 2 = 360 hence = 180/n One side of polygon = 2 x R x SIN(180/n)

A
R O C

has given following values of SIN(180/n) Triangle : 103923/120000 Square : 84853/120000 Pentagon : 70534/120000 Hexagon : 60000/120000 Heptagon : 52055/120000 Octagon : 45922/120000 Nonagon : 41031/120000 EXAMPLE Heptagon : n = 7, 180/7 = 25.7413 SIN(25.7413) = 0.4339 = 4339/10000 = (4339 x 12)/(10000 x 12) = 52068/120000 One side of regular Heptagon = 2 x R x 52068/120000

kTpyaaid pQQat
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 k K ga Ga [. ca C ja Ja Ha T z D Z Na t qa d Qa na Pa f ba Ba ma ya r la va Sa Ya sa h xa 0

cca,MDaMSaucaMd`aQamakuMiBapala: Aanaunanaunnanananaunnaina%yama\ PI = 31415926536/10 000 000 000 PI = 3.1415926536

maaQava (1350 to 1435) : VALUE OF PI

ivabauQa nao~ gaja Aih hutaSana i~ gauNa vaod Ba vaarNa b nava inaKva- imato vaR<aivastro piriGa maanama\ [dma\ jaga ivabauQa = 33 nao~ =2 gaja =8 Aih =8 hutaSana =3 i~ = 3 gauNa =3 vaod =4 Ba =27 vaarNa = 8 baahvaa: = 2 nava inaKva- = 900,000,000,000
PI = CIRCUMFERENCE/DIAMETER = 2872433388233/900,000,OOO,000 = 3.1415926535922

MADHAV OF SANGAMGRAMAM (1350 1435) Greatest of the Indian medieval Astronomer- Mathematician POWER SERIES Madhav Gregory Series

Madhav Newton Series

Series for PI

NARAYANA PANDIT (1340 -1400) SQUARE ROOT OF A NUMBER GANITA KAUMUDI

Nx^2 + 1 = y^2 N + 1/x^2 = y^2 If x is very small then N = y^2/x^2 Solve 10x^2 +1 = y^2 By observation x1 = 6 and y1 = 19 Let x2 = 6 and y2 = 19 X = x1y2 +x2y1 = 6x19 +6x19 = 228 Y = y1y2 +Nx1x2 =19x19 + 10x6x6 = 721 SQRT(10) = y/x = 721/228 = 3.16228 four digits accuracy Select x1 = 6 y1 = 19 and x2 = 228 y2 = 721 X = 6x721 +228x19 = 8658 and y = 19x721 + 10x6x228 = 27379 SQRT(10) = 27379/8658 = 3.162277662 eight digit accuracy

ga`hlaaGava
Written by Ganesh Daivadna in 1520 AD. Accepted 11 year cycle to reduce number of days from the epoch. 11 year cycle consists of only 4016 days. Removed the use of trigonometry. Still calculations are correct. Simplified the calculations. Accepted all over India form almanac preparations. Epoch Chaitra Shukla Pratipada Shake 1442 (1520 AD) Ganesh wrote more than 15 Astronomical books. Most brilliant Astronomer of Medieval India.

jyaacaapkma-rihtM saulaGaup`karma\ ktR-ma\ ga`hp`krNaM sfuTma\ ]Vtaosisma

MAGIC SQUARES
30 16 18 22 20 36 24 34 Total = 100

10

Nagarjun 1st century AD

10 44 32 14

28

26

40

2 Varahamihir 505 AD 5 4 7

3 8 1 6

5 2 7 4

8 3 6 1 Total = 18

7 Khajuraho 1000 AD 2 16 9

12 7 1 13 3 6 8 10 15

14 11 5 4 Total = 34

vaaHCa kRtaQaa- kRtmaokhInama\ iWyao ga`ho YaaoDSa saPtma itqyaavataro p`qamao ca iSaYTma\ iWsaPt YaT\ HyaYT ku vaod b
vaaHCaExpected Number kRtaQaa-Expected number/2 kRtmaokhInama\ by 1 iWyao ga`ho YaaoDSa -Reduce -9 -16 -2 saPtmao AYTmao itqaI -7 Avatar - 10 p`qamao -8 -1 -15
nd th th th th th th st

Following numbers are to be entered in sequence 2, 7, 6, 3, 8, 1, 4, 5 42 49 2 7 100 100

6
48 4 100 100

3
43 5 100

46
8 44 100

45
1 47 100

100
100 100

PRINCE OF PI RAMANUJAM (1887 1820)

Proposed several formulas for pi including the formula to find billion digits of pi

Accurate up to 8 digits

Accurate up to 15 digits

Accurate up to 9 digits

Accurate up to 8 digits

Accurate up to 18 digits