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Chapter 3
Lecture
2
Chapter 3: Motion in a Plane
Vector Addition
Velocity
Acceleration
Projectile motion
Relative Velocity
3
3.1 Graphical Addition and
Subtraction of Vectors
A vector is a quantity that has both a magnitude and a
direction. Position is an example of a vector quantity.
A scalar is a quantity with no direction. The mass of an
object is an example of a scalar quantity.
4
Notation:
Vector: F F

or
The magnitude of a vector: . or or F F

F
Scalar: m (not bold face; no arrow)
The direction of vector might be 35 south of east;
20 above the +x-axis; or.
5
Vector Addition of Vectors A & B
6
To add vectors graphically they must be placed tip to tail.
The result (F
1
+ F
2
) points from the tail of the first vector to
the tip of the second vector.
F
1

F
2

R
7
Think of vector subtraction A B as A+(B), where the
vector B has the same magnitude as B but points in the
opposite direction.
8
Measuring Angles with respect to Compass Headings
9
Position Vector originates from the
origin to some location
10
Displacement is the change in position
from r
i
to r
f

11
3.2 Vector Addition and
Subtraction Using Components
Vectors may be moved any way you please (to place them
tip to tail) provided that you do not change their length nor
rotate them.
12
Resolving a vector into x- and y-
components
13
x and y components of vectors A,B,
and C
14
Example: Vector A has a length of 5.00 meters and points
along the x-axis. Vector B has a length of 3.00 meters and
points 120 from the +x-axis. Compute A+B (=C).
A
x
y
B
120
C
15
adj
opp
cos
sin
tan

hyp
adj
cos

hyp
opp
sin
= =
=
=
u
u
u
u
u
( )
( ) m 50 . 1 60 cos m 00 . 3 60 cos 60 cos
m 60 . 2 60 sin m 00 . 3 60 sin 60 sin
= = =

=
= = = =
B B
B
B
B B
B
B
x
x
y
y
and A
x
= 5.00 m and A
y
= 0.00 m
A
x
y
B
120
60
B
y

B
x

Example continued:
16
The components of C:
( )
m 2.60 m 2.60 m 00 . 0
m 3.50 m 1.50 m 00 . 5
= + = + =
= + = + =
y y y
x x x
B A C
B A C
x
y
C
C
x
= 3.50 m
C
y
= 2.60 m
u
The length of C is:
( ) ( )
m 36 . 4
m 60 . 2 m 50 . 3
2 2
2 2
=
+ =
+ = =
y x
C C C C
The direction of C is:
( ) = =
= = =

6 . 36 7429 . 0 tan
7429 . 0
m 3.50
m 60 . 2
tan
1
u
u
x
y
C
C
From the +x-axis
Example continued:
17
Example: Margaret walks to the store using the following
path: 0.500 miles west, 0.200 miles north, 0.300 miles east.
What is her total displacement? Give the magnitude and
direction.
x
y
r
3

r
2

r
1

Ar
Take north to be in
the +y direction and
east to be along +x.
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Example continued:
The displacement is Ar = r
f
r
i
. The initial position is the
origin; what is r
f
?
The final position will be r
f
= r
1
+ r
2
+ r
3
. The components
are r
fx
= r
1
+ r
3
= 0.2 miles and r
fy
= +r
2
= +0.2 miles.
miles 283 . 0
2 2
= A + A = A
y x
r r r
= =
A
A
= 45 and 1 tan u u
x
y
r
r
Using the figure, the magnitude and
direction of the displacement are
x
y
Ar
Ar
y

Ar
x

u
N of W.
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3.3 Velocity
1 2
1 2
, av
velocity Average
t t
x x
v
x

= =
t
x
v
t
x
A
A
= =
A
lim
0
velocity ous Instantane
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y
x
r
i

r
f

t A
A
=
r
v
av
Points in the direction of Ar
Ar
v
i

The instantaneous
velocity points
tangent to the path.
v
f

A particle moves along the blue path as shown. At time t
1
its
position is r
i
and at time t
2
its position is r
f
.
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t
t
A
A
= =
A
r
v
lim
0
velocity ous Instantane
This is represented by the slope of a line tangent to the curve
on the graph of an objects position versus time.
t A
A
= =
r
v
av
velocity Average |
.
|

\
|
A
A
=
t
x
v
x , av
: be would component - x The
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Example: Consider Margarets walk to the store in the
example on slides 8 and 9. If the first leg of her walk takes 10
minutes, the second takes 8 minutes, and the third 7 minutes,
compute her average velocity and average speed during each
leg and for the overall trip.
t A
A
= =
r
v
av
velocity Average
trip of time
traveled distance
speed Average =
Use the definitions:
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Leg
At
(hours)
v
av
(miles/hour)
Average
speed
(miles/hour)
1 0.167 3.00 (west) 3.00
2 0.133 1.50 (north) 1.50
3 0.117 2.56 (east) 2.56
Total
trip
0.417 0.679
(45 N of W)
2.40
Example continued:
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3.4 Acceleration
t
v
a
x
x
A
A
= =
av,
on accelerati Average
t
v
a
x
t
x
A
A
= =
A
lim
0
on accelerati ous Instantane
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y
x
v
i

r
i

r
f

v
f

A particle moves along the blue path as shown. At time t
1
its
position is r
0
and at time t
2
its position is r
f
.
Av
Points in the
direction of Av. t A
A
=
v
a
av
The instantaneous acceleration
can point in any direction.
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t A
A
= =
v
a
av
on accelerati Average
A nonzero acceleration changes an objects state of motion.
t
t
A
A
= =
A
v
a
lim
0
on accelerati ous Instantane
These have
interpretations
similar to v
av

and v.
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Example (text problem 3.42): At the beginning of a 3 hour
plane trip you are traveling due north at 192 km/hour. At the
end, you are traveling 240 km/hour at 45 west of north.
(a) Draw the initial and final velocity vectors.
x (east)
y (north)
v
i

v
f

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(b) Find Av.
km/hr 3 . 22 45 cos
km/hr 170 0 45 sin
= + = = A
= = = A
i f iy fy y
f ix fx x
v v v v v
v v v v
The components are
km/hr 171
2 2
= A + A = A
y x
v v v
( ) = = =
A
A
=

5 . 7 1312 . 0 tan 1312 . 0 tan
1
|
x
y
v
v
South of
west
Example continued:
The magnitude and direction are:
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(c) What is a
av
during the trip?
t A
A
=
v
a
av
2
av ,
2
av ,
km/hr 43 . 7
hr 3
km/hr 3 . 22
km/hr 7 . 56
hr 3
km/hr 170
=

=
A
A
=
=

=
A
A
=
t
v
a
t
v
a
y
y
x
x
The magnitude and direction are:
= = = =
= + =

5 . 7 ) 1310 . 0 ( tan 1310 . 0 tan

km/hr 2 . 57
1
av ,
av ,
2 2
av ,
2
av , av
| |
x
y
y x
a
a
a a a
South of
west
Example continued:
30
3.5 Motion in a Plane with
Constant Acceleration
What is the motion of a struck baseball? Once it leaves the
bat (if air resistance is negligible) only the force of gravity
acts on the baseball.
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Projectile Motion
Projectile Any
object given an initial
thrust that is also
under the influence of
gravity.
Trajectory The path
followed by a
projectile.
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Projectile Motion
Rule 1 The vertical motion and the
horizontal motion of a projectile are
independent of one another.
Rule 2 Gravity controls the vertical portion
of the projectiles motion can often give you
the time of flight.
Rule 3 Horizontal motion follows the old
equations from chapter 3 pg. 68
Rule 4 Vertical and Horizontal are
connected by
time
Rule 5 When confused remember Rule 1.
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Rule 1 The vertical motion and the horizontal motion of a
projectile are independent of one another.
34
The baseball has a
x
= 0 and a
y
= g, it moves with constant
velocity along the x-axis and with nonzero, constant
acceleration along the y-axis.
35
Projectile Launched Horizontally
A stone is thrown off a
cliff at 15 m/s. The
cliff is 44 m high. A)
How far from the cliff
will the stone land?
And B) How fast will
the stone be traveling
when it hits the
ground?
Y=44 m
X=?
t=?
v
f
=?
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Y=44 m
X=?
t=?
v
f
=?
1. First find time of flight.
d
y
=d
i
+v
i
t+1/2at
2

d
y
=1/2at
2
t=(2d
y
/a)
1/2

t=(2(44m)/9.8m/s
2
)
1/2

t=3s
2. Now find the distance
traveled in the X direction.
v=d/t
d=vt
d=(15m/s)(3s)
d=45m from the cliff
3. Find the velocity in the Y direction
and combine it with the velocity in the X
direction REMEMBER velocity is a
vector. In the Y direction:
a=v
y
/t
v
y
=at=(9.8m/s
2
)(3s)=29m/s
V
x
=15m/sgiven
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4. Find the resultant of the
velocity vectors.
v
y
=29m/s
v
x
=15m/s
v
net
=?
Use Pythagoras to solve for v
net
.
v
net
=(v
y
2
+v
x
2
)
1/2

v
net
=(29m/s
2
+15m/s
2
)
1/2

v
net
=33m/s
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Projectile Launched at an Angle
A ball is launched with an
initial velocity of 4.47m/s
at an angle of 66 degrees
with the horizontal. A)
What is the maximum
height of the ball? B) How
long does it take for the
ball to land? C) What
distance does the ball land
from its starting point
What is the balls range?
d
y
=?
d
x
=?
t=?
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Break the velocity vector into its
components.
v
i
=4.4m/s
v
x
=v
i
cos66
66
v
y
=v
i
sin66
Inventory of known facts.
1. Velocities in X&Y
2. Starting and ending
heights
3. Acceleration is due to
gravity
4. It takes the ball half the
time to reach its max
height and half the time
to fall from that height
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First thing we need to find is
time of flight so answer question
B first.
B) How long does it take for the ball to land?
d
yf
=d
yi
+v
y
t+1/2at
2
0=0+(4.47m/s)sin66t+1/2(-9.8m/s
2
)t
2
(9.8m/s
2
)t
2
=(4.47m/s)sin66t
t
2
/t=2(4.47m/s)sin66/9.8m/s
2

t=0.83s
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Now we can find the maximum
height remember it takes half the
time of flight to reach the max
A) What is the balls maximum height?
d
y
=d
yi
+v
y
t+1/2at
2

d
y
=0+(4.47m/s)sin66(0.415s)+1/2(-9.8m/s
2
)(0.415s)
2

d
y
=0.85m
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Finally we can calculate the
range of the ball.
d
x
=d
i
+v
x
t+1/2at
2

d
x
=0+(4.47m/s)cos66(0.83s)+0
d
x
=1.5m
There is also an equation for
the Range of a Projectile
R=v
i
2
sin2u/g
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Example: An object is projected from the origin. The initial
velocity components are v
ix
= 7.07 m/s, and v
iy
= 7.07 m/s.
Determine the x and y position of the object at 0.2 second
intervals for 1.4 seconds. Also plot the results.
t v x
t a t v y
ix
y iy
A = A
A + A = A
2
2
1
Since the object starts from the origin, Ay and Ax
will represent the location of the object at time At.
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t (sec) x (meters) y (meters)
0 0 0
0.2 1.41 1.22
0.4 2.83 2.04
0.6 4.24 2.48
0.8 5.66 2.52
1.0 7.07 2.17
1.2 8.48 1.43
1.4 9.89 0.29
Example continued:
45
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 0.5 1 1.5
t (sec)
x
,
y

(
m
)
This is a plot of the x position (black points) and y position
(red points) of the object as a function of time.
Example continued:
46
Example continued:
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0 2 4 6 8 10
x (m)
y

(
m
)
This is a plot of the y position versus x position for the
object (its trajectory).
The objects path is a parabola.
47
Separate vertical and horizontal
quantities versus time
48
Example (text problem 3.50): An arrow is shot into the air
with u = 60 and v
i
= 20.0 m/s.
(a) What are v
x
and v
y
of the arrow when t = 3 sec?
The components of the initial
velocity are:
m/s 3 . 17 sin
m/s 0 . 10 cos
= =
= =
u
u
i iy
i ix
v v
v v
At t = 3 sec:
m/s 1 . 12
m/s 0 . 10
= A = A + =
= = A + =
t g v t a v v
v t a v v
iy y iy fy
ix x ix fx
x
y
60
v
i

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(b) What are the x and y components of the displacement
of the arrow during the 3.0 sec interval?
y
x
r
m 80 . 7
2
1
2
1
m 0 . 30 0
2
1
2 2
2
= A A = A + A = A = A
= + A = A + A = A = A
t g t v t a t v y r
t v t a t v x r
iy y iy y
ix x ix x
Example continued:
50
Example: How far does the arrow in the previous example
land from where it is released?
The arrow lands when Ay = 0. 0
2
1
2
= A A = A t g t v y
iy
Solving for At:
sec 53 . 3
2
= = A
g
v
t
iy
The distance traveled is:
m 35.3 0
2
1
2
= + A =
A + A = A
t v
t a t v x
ix
x ix
51
Fig. 03.22 pg.71
52
3.6 Velocity is Relative; Reference
Frames
53
Fig. 03.25
54
Example: You are traveling in a car (A) at 60 miles/hour east
on a long straight road. The car (B) next to you is traveling
at 65 miles/hour east. What is the speed of car B relative to
car A?
55
east miles/hour 5
east miles/hr 60 east miles/hr 65
BA
AG BG BA
AG BG BA
BA AG BG
=
=
=
A A = A
A + A = A
v
v v v
r r r
r r r From the picture:
A
B
A
B
t=0
t>0
Ar
AG

Ar
BG

Ar
BA

Divide by At:
+x
Example continued:
56
Example: You are traveling in a car (A) at 60 miles/hour
east on a long straight road. The car (B) next to you is
traveling at 65 miles/hour west. What is the speed of car B
relative to car A?
57
A
B
A
B
t=0
Ar
AG

Ar
BG
Ar
BA

t>0 t>0
est miles/hr w 125
east miles/hr 60 est miles/hr w 65
AG BG BA
AG BG BA
=
=
=
A A = A
v v v
r r r
+x
From the picture:
Divide by At:
Example continued:
58
59
60
Summary
Adding and subtracting vectors (graphical method &
component method)
Velocity
Acceleration
Projectile motion (here a
x
= 0 and a
y
= g)
Relative Velocity
61
Homework pg.78
Conceptual 1,3,6,8,12
Multiple Choice - 1,2,3,4,7,9,12,13,14
Problems
3,5,7,13,21,33,41,47,49,53,60,65,77
(99 special)