Guided By

Dr. Srinivasa Rao Assistant Professor (Sr.)

By Ashutosh Jain 07BEC053 B.Tech. E.C.E VIT University

Objective
To design, optimise, fabricate and test a narrowband Coupled line band pass filter with operating frequency around 1.38 GHz and pass band in the range of 1.35 GHz to 1.45 GHz with bandwidth as narrow as possible.

Coupled Line
When two unshielded transmission lines are placed in close proximity to each other, a fraction of the power present on the main line is coupled to the secondary line. Coupled microstrip lines are used in a number of circuit functions. The principal application areas are directional couplers, filters, and delay lines.

Cross section of a coupled microstrip line

Coupled Microstrip Line

Coupled line structure supports two quasi-TEM modes, the even mode and the odd mode. For an even mode excitation, both microstrip lines have the same voltage potentials or carry the same sign charges, resulting in a magnetic wall at the symmetry plane. In the case where an odd mode is excited, both microstrip lines have the opposite voltage potentials or carry the opposite sign charges, so that symmetric plane is an electric wall. Coupled microstrip lines are characterized by the characteristic impedances as well as the effective dielectric constants for the two modes.

Quasi-TEM modes of a pair of coupled microstrip lines: (a) even mode; (b) odd mode

Band pass Filter

A two port coupled line section having a band pass response.

Design of Coupled Line Bandpass Filter

Zo J -90o

Zo

Equivalent Circuit of a coupled line section

The admittance inverter is quarter wavelength long of characteristic impedance, 1/J. Narrow Bandpass filters can be made with cascaded coupled line sections.

Design of Coupled Line Bandpass Filter

General structure of parallel (edge)-coupled microstrip Bandpass filter.

Design of Coupled Line Bandpass Filter

Firstly the order N of the filter is determined by Insertion loss method. Then the low pass prototype elements g0 .. gN+1 are used to find the admittance inverters impedance. Design equations for a Bandpass filter with N+1 coupled line sections are
01 = ( ) 21
Here =
21 0

0 = 2 1
For n=2,3, N

0 + 1 = ( ) 2 + 1

f2 and f1 are the pass band edge frequencies and f0 is the center frequency.

Design of Coupled Line Bandpass Filter

The even and odd mode characteristic impedances for each section are found using : 0e= Z0[1 + JZ0 + (JZ0)2] 0= Z0[1 - JZ0 + (JZ0)2]
From the even and odd mode impedance the width(W), length (L) and spacing(S) are found for each section. The first step is to find the two single line shape ratios (W/H)se and (W/H)so corresponding to the impedance Z0e/2 and Z0o/2 respectively.

=( )(d-1)-( ) log 2 1 +
602 d= 0.5 0

1 (log r

1 + 0.293

0.517 )

Where

Design of Coupled Line Bandpass Filter

W/H and S/H for the coupled lines are found by simultaneous solution of the following equations :

2 2 + 1 cosh1 + 1

2 2 1 4 / cosh1 + cosh1 1 + 2 + 1 / 1 + 2 for 6 2 2 1 1 / cosh1 + cosh1 1 + 2 + 1 / 1 + 2 for 6

1 2

Where = cosh

( )

= cosh(

Design of Coupled Line Bandpass Filter

Schematic of the designed filter with center frequency 1.38GHz, fractional bandwidth 5% and order 5.

Design of Coupled Line Bandpass Filter

Frequency response of the filter with = 5% Insertion Loss at fo -0.1843 dB, Bandwidth 188 MHz

Design of Coupled Line Bandpass Filter

Schematic of the designed filter with center frequency 1.38GHz, fractional bandwidth 2% and order 5.

Design of Coupled Line Bandpass Filter

Frequency response of the filter with = 2% Insertion Loss at fo -0.2816 dB, Bandwidth 123 MHz

Design of Coupled Line Bandpass Filter

Schematic of the designed filter with center frequency 1.38GHz, fractional bandwidth 5% and order 7.

Design of Coupled Line Bandpass Filter

Frequency response of the filter with = 5% Insertion Loss at fo -0.2431 dB, Bandwidth 194 MHz

Design of Coupled Line Bandpass Filter

Schematic of the designed filter with center frequency 1.38GHz, fractional bandwidth 2% and order 7.

Design of Coupled Line Bandpass Filter

Frequency response of the filter with = 2% Insertion Loss at fo -0.361 dB, Bandwidth 122 MHz

Design of Coupled Line Bandpass Filter

Schematic of the designed filter with center frequency 1.38GHz, fractional bandwidth 1% and order 7.

Design of Coupled Line Bandpass Filter

Frequency response of the filter with = 1% Insertion Loss at fo -0.5689 dB, Bandwidth 91 MHz

Design of Coupled Line Bandpass Filter

Schematic of the designed filter with center frequency 1.38GHz, fractional bandwidth 0.5% and order 7.

Design of Coupled Line Bandpass Filter

Frequency response of the filter with = 0.5% Insertion Loss at fo -0.6269 dB, Bandwidth 67 MHz

Design of Coupled Line Bandpass Filter

Schematic of the designed filter with center frequency 1.38GHz, fractional bandwidth 2% and order 3.

Design of Coupled Line Bandpass Filter

Frequency response of the filter with = 2% Insertion Loss at fo -0.1918 dB, Bandwidth 112 MHz

Design of Coupled Line Bandpass Filter

Schematic of the designed filter with center frequency 1.38GHz, fractional bandwidth 1% and order 3.

Design of Coupled Line Bandpass Filter

Frequency response of the filter with = 1% Insertion Loss at fo -0.3064 dB, Bandwidth 81 MHz

EM Simulation
Layout of the designed filter with center frequency 1.38GHz, fractional bandwidth 5% and order 5.

EM Simulation
Frequency response of the filter with = 5% Insertion Loss at fo -0.6152 dB, Bandwidth 159MHz

EM Simulation
Layout of the designed filter with center frequency 1.38GHz, fractional bandwidth 2% and order 5.

EM Simulation
Frequency response of the filter with = 2%

EM Simulation
Layout of the designed filter with center frequency 1.38GHz, fractional bandwidth 2% and order 3.

EM Simulation
Frequency response of the filter with = 2% Insertion Loss at f0 -1.274dB, Bandwidth 111MHz

EM Simulation
Layout of the designed filter with center frequency 1.38GHz, fractional bandwidth 1% and order 3.

EM Simulation
Frequency response of the filter with = 1% Insertion Loss at f0 -0.95232 dB ,Bandwidth 82 MHz.

EM Simulation
Layout of the designed filter with center frequency 1.38GHz, fractional bandwidth 2% and order 7.

EM Simulation
Frequency response of the filter with = 2%

Spurious Passbands Suppression

Basic drawback of a parallel coupled line filter is the appearance of repeated pass-bands approximately at integer multiples of the centre frequency.

Spurious Passbands Suppression

Weve used two techniques for suppression of spurious passbands:

1. Using Open Circuit Stubs

2. Defected Ground Structures (DGS)

Open Circuit Stubs

The proposed filter configuration is composed of two attached open-circuit stubs at the open-end of each section of the conventional coupled-line filter.

Parallel Coupled Line Filter with Open-Circuit Stubs

Open Circuit Stubs

If the short circuit is replaced by an open circuit stub with suitable length, then the spurious response can be suppressed. The initial lengths of upper stubs are set equal to a quarter wavelength (at double of centre frequency). The initial lengths of lower stubs are set equal to a quarter wavelength (at triple of centre frequency).

Open Circuit Stubs

Schematic of the designed filter with center frequency 1.38GHz, fractional bandwidth 1% and order 3 with open-circuit stubs.

Open Circuit Stubs

Frequency response of the filter with = 1% Insertion Loss at fo -1.061dB, Bandwidth 84 MHz

Open Circuit Stubs

Schematic of the designed filter with center frequency 1.38GHz, fractional bandwidth 1% and order 3 with open-circuit stubs and bends.

Open Circuit Stubs

Frequency response of the filter with = 1% Insertion Loss at fo -0.8269 dB, Bandwidth 46 MHz

Open Circuit Stubs

Layout of the designed filter with center frequency 1.38GHz, fractional bandwidth 1% and order 3 with bends for suppression of first two harmonics.

Open Circuit Stubs

Frequency response of the filter with = 1% Insertion Loss at fo -2.529 dB, Bandwidth 72 MHz

DGS
Here the ground plane metal of a microstrip circuit is intentionally modified to enhance performance.
The name for this technique simply means that a defect has been placed in the ground plane, which is typically considered to be an approximation of an infinite, perfectly-conducting current sink.

The basic element of DGS is a resonant gap or slot in the ground metal, placed directly under a transmission line and aligned for efficient coupling to the line.

DGS
The equivalent circuit for a DGS is a parallel-tuned circuit in series with the transmission line to which it is coupled.
DGS structure for microstrip parallel coupled-line filters is proposed to suppress the second, third and fourth harmonics simultaneously The design procedure is very simple and doesnt need a recalculation of the coupled line dimensions.

DGS
Configuration of the proposed DGS on the ground plane of the microstrip line is shown

Schematic top view of a slanted dumb-bell shaped DGS unit. (w= 3.09 mm, a=b=5 mm, g=0.5 mm)

DGS
The configuration of the proposed parallel coupled-line filter with the five slanted dumb-bell shaped DGS sections is shown below. Except the length of the resonators, other design parameters of the conventional parallel coupled-line filter remain intact.

DGS Design I
The lattice dimension ab of the 1st and 5th DGS sections and the 2nd, 3rd and 4th DGS sections are similar and are assigned to be 5.5 mm 5.5 mm and 6 mm 6 mm respectively. The etched gap width is chosen to be 0.5 mm for both types of the DGS units. The length of the narrow gap is the same as the line-width of the corresponding open transmission line resonators. As the electrical length of the filter increases due to addition of DGS elements; weve reduced the length of each coupled line section by 5 mm.

DGS Design I
EM structure of filter configuration using DGS

Design I

DGS Design I
Frequency response of filter configuration using DGS design I Insertion Loss at f0 -2.012 dB

DGS Design II
There is only a slight modification in this configuration, here the length of the narrow gap is increased and is equal to twice the width of open transmission resonator plus the gap. The lattice dimensions of the DGS sections and the etched gap width is the same as in Design I.

Here the electrical length of the filter has further increased and weve reduced the length of each coupled line section by 8 mm.

DGS Design II
EM structure of filter configuration using DGS

Design II

DGS Design II
Frequency response of filter configuration using DGS design II Insertion Loss at f0 -2.012 dB

Fabrication

Top view of the fabricated filter

Fabrication

Bottom view of the fabricated filter

Measurement Results
The fabricated filter is analyzed using vector network analyzer and measured S21 and S11 are shown below.

Conclusions
Its observed that in higher order filters the gap ratios obtained were high and this led to decoupling of resonators. Hence their EM Simulation results were unsatisfactory. The filter configuration using open stubs is able to suppress the first two spurious passbands but the filter configuration is dimensionally big and the insertion loss at center frequency is high. The two filter configurations using DGS elements are compact and smaller in size as compared to conventional 3rd order parallel coupled line filter.

Conclusions
The filter configuration using Design II is chosen for final implementation because

It is able to suppress the spurious passbands with higher insertion loss.

It is smaller than filter configuration using Design I.

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29. W. M. Fathelbab, and M. B. Steer, Parallel-coupled line filters with enhanced stopband performances, IEEE Transactions On Microwave Theory And Techniques, Vol. 53, No. 12, pp. 37743781, 2005.

30. J. R. Lee, J. H. Cho, and S. W. Yun, New compact band-pass filter using l/4 resonators with open stub inverter, IEEE Microwave Guided Waves Letters, Vol. 10, pp. 526 527, 2000.
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