Distance Protection: For Transmission Lines: Part 1

Siemens AG 2006
Distance Protection

for transmission lines: part 1

Gustav Steynberg
Page 2 Jul-06

Siemens AG 2006
Power Transmission and Distribution Author
Why impedance protection?

Situation: Meshed network and two infeeds
Directional overcurrent time relays
0,6s
0,6s
0,3s
0,3s
0,6s
0,6s
0,3s
0,3s
non-selective trip
Page 3 Jul-06

Siemens AG 2006
Localization of short-circuits by means of an impedance
measurement:
fault on the protected line

fault outside the protected line

Z1
relay A
selectivity
relay A
Z2
Basic principle of impedance protection

Page 4 Jul-06

Siemens AG 2006
Distance measurement (principle)
6 loops: 3 phase- phase loops and
3 phase- ground loops
phase- phase -loop:
The same applies to the remaining loops
U
L1-L2
= Z
L
( I
L1
- I
L2
)
Measured current
measured voltage
06.08.97
dtgerdis3
Z
L
= R
L
+ j X
L

Z
E
= R
E
+j X
E

I
L1

I
L2

I
L3

I
E

Z
L

Z
E

U
L1
U
L2
U
L3

Page 5 Jul-06

Siemens AG 2006
phase-ground-loop:
U
L1
= I
L1
( R
L
+ j X
L
)- I
E
( R
E
+j X
E
)
I
L1
, I
E
measured current
U
L1
measured voltage
06.08.97
dtgerdis3
The same applies to the remaining loops
Distance measurement (principle)
I
L1

I
L2

I
L3

I
E

Z
L

Z
E

U
L1
U
L2
U
L3

Z
L
= R
L
+ j X
L

Z
E
= R
E
+j X
E

Page 6 Jul-06

Siemens AG 2006
Load and short-circuit impedances
Z
L
Z
LF1
Z
LF2
R
F
R
F
Z
Load
D
F1 F2
X
R
Z
L
Z
LF2
j
SC1
j
SC2
j
L
R
R
Z
F1
Z
F2
R
R
Z
Load
Z
LF1
Fault area
distance relay
operating
characteristic
Fault in
reverse
direction
Load area
Minimum Load Impedance:
Minimum voltage 0,9 Un
Maximum current 1,1 In
Maximum angle 30
Phase - Phase Fault
R
R
~ R
F
/ 2
Phase - Earth Fault
R
R
~ R
F
/(1 + R
E
/R
L
)
Page 7 Jul-06

Siemens AG 2006
Principle of (analog) distance relaying
I
SC

E
comparator
Z
L

Z
SC

Z
Replica
(line replica impedance)
(corresponds to the set zone reach)
U
1
= k
1
U
SC
= k
1
I
SC
Z
SC.
U
2
=k
2

I
SC
Z
Replica

Z
S

Relay design:
operation if
U
1
< U
2

i.e. Z
SC
< Z
Replica

Z
Replica

X
R
Ext. fault
Internal fault
A B
Page 8 Jul-06

Siemens AG 2006
Typical distance zone-characteristic
MHO-circle
shifted circle
polarised
MHO-circle
quadrilateral
Z
R
Z
SC
Z
SC
'
external
fault
internal
fault
X
R
O
X
R
Z
S
= 0
Z
S
small
Z
S
high
Z
S
R
F
Z
L
X
R
centre
Z
SC
'
Z
SC
settable arc
compensation
X
X
A
Z
SC-L
R
arc
R
R
A
Page 9 Jul-06

Siemens AG 2006
Graded distance zones
time
D1 D2 D3
t
1
t
2
t
3
Z
1
Z
2
Z
3
distance
At = grading time
A
C
B
D
Z
1
= 0,85 Z
AB

Z
2
= 0,85 (Z
AB
+ 0,85 Z
BC
)
Z
3
= 0,85 (Z
AB
+ 0,85 (Z
BC
+ 0,85 Z
CD
))
Safety margin is 15
%:
line error
CT, VT error
measuring error
Grading rules:
Page 10 Jul-06

Siemens AG 2006
2nd Zone: It must initially allow the 1st zone on the neighbouring feeder(s) to clear the fault.
The grading time therefore results from the addition of the following times:

operating time of the neighbouring feeder mechanical 25 - 80 ms
static: 15 - 40
digital: 15 - 30

+ circuit breaker operating time HV / EHV: 60 ms (3 cycles) / 40 ms (2 cycles)
MV up to about 80 ms (4 cycles)

+ distance relay reset time mechanical: approx. 60-100 ms
static: approx. 30 ms
digital: approx. 20 ms.

+ errors of the distance relay internal timers mechanical: 5% of the set time, minimum 60-100 ms
static: 3% of the set time, minimum 10 ms
digital: 1% of the set time, minimum 10 ms

+ distance protection starting time *) mechanical: O/C starter: 10 ms, impedance starter: 25 ms
static: O/C stater: 5 ms, impedance starter: 25 ms
digital: generally 15 ms

+ safety margin (ca.) grading; mechanical-mechanical: 100 ms
static/digital-mechanical or vice versa: 75 ms
digital-digital or static-static 50 ms
*) only relevant if the set relay times relate to the instant of fault detection / zone pick-up. This is the case with
all Siemens relays. There are other relays where the time is adapted by software to relate to the instant of fault
inception. In the latter case the starting time has to be dropped.
Determination of grading times
(With numerical relays 250 ms is possible)
Page 11 Jul-06

Siemens AG 2006
SC
Current area for
forward faults
I
SC
Current area for
reverse faults
I
SC
U
SC
R
Z
SC
Z'
SC
Impedance area for
forward faults
Impedance area for
reverse faults
X
SC
Determination of fault direction
current / voltage diagram impedance diagram
Fault location Where is the fault ?
The impedance also shows the direction, but ....
Page 12 Jul-06

Siemens AG 2006
direction may be determined together with the impedance measurement
but: problems may arise in certain cases (e.g. close-in faults)
separate directional determination required!
Why impedance measurement and directional determination separately?
line characteristic
fault with arc resistance
in forward direction
fault in forward direction
fault in reverse
direction
close-in fault
X
R
A B
Impedance measurement and directional determination

Page 13 Jul-06

Siemens AG 2006
Alternatives for the directional measurement

faulty phase voltage
V
f
I
f
V
L2
V
L3
voltage memory
(pre-fault voltage)
I
f
V
L2
V
L3
V
L1
healthy-phase voltage
(phase to phase voltage)
I
f
V
f
V
L2-L3
V
L2
V
L3
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
Z
line
Z
grid
relay
fault L1-E
Method 1
Method 2
V
L1
V
L1
V
f
Page 14 Jul-06

Siemens AG 2006
Directional measurement
Summery of all 3 methods
`
)
`
)
`
)
u
RI
= u
L2-
L3
u
f
= u
L1
Distance measurement
Direction measurement
with voltage memory
Direction measurement
with unfaulted voltage
i
f
(t)
u
L1
i
f
i
f
i
f
u
L2-L3
u
L1
06.08.97
dtgerdis9
Measuring
window
Page 15 Jul-06

Siemens AG 2006
Fault detection techniques
Over-current fault detection
Voltage dependant
over-current fault detection
Voltage and
angle dependant
over-current
fault detection
I
U
I >>
I > I >
R
X
Impedance
fault
detection
Not in 7SA522
Page 16 Jul-06

Siemens AG 2006
110 kV
net
SCC
(3)
" = 1500 MVA
40 MVA
u
SC
= 15 %
20 kV
400/1 A
l
I>
start
= 1,5 I
N
= 600 A

D
OH-line
95/15 Al/St
Z'
L
= 0,483 O/km
' l)
10 20 30 40 50 60
I >
start
= 600 A
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
I
SC(2)
[k A]
l

[ km]
I
SC(2)
=
U
N
1,1
2 ( Z
S
+ Z
S
+ Z
L
reach of OC starter
approx. 32 km
N T
Reach of over-current fault detection
ph-ph fault as an example
There is a limitation
to the reach
Page 17 Jul-06

Siemens AG 2006
I
I>> I>
U
I>>
U
I>
U
N
U
digital
electro-mechanical
Power
system
Relay
line
E
E
Z
S
U
SC
Z
SC I
SC
U
SC
I
SC
U
SC
G
G
Voltage controlled overcurrent fault detection
Page 18 Jul-06

Siemens AG 2006
Voltage and angle controlled overcurrent fault detection
(U-I--starting)
50 %
100 %
U/U
N
I/I
N
1 2 3
I>
I
>
I>>
U(I
>)
U(I >>)
X X
R R
2
This method is used in Germany
Page 19 Jul-06

Siemens AG 2006
X
R

Load
Load
Z1
Z2
Z4
Z3
Z1B
Z5
Line
o
Impedance zones of digital relays (7SA6 and 7SA52)
Distance zones
Inclined with line angle
Angle o prevents overreach of
Z1 on faults with fault
resistance that are fed from
both line ends
Fault detection
no fault detection polygon: the
largest zone determines
the fault detection
characteristic
simple setting of load
encroachment area with
R
min
and
Load

Page 20 Jul-06

Siemens AG 2006
Zone grading chart, radial feeder
D
A
D
B
D
C
I>>
D
I>t
AI
Z
T
Z
1
Z
2
Z
3
Z
1
= 0.85 Z
A-B
Z
3
= 0.85 [ Z
A-B
+ 0.85 (Z
B-C
+ 0.85 Z
C-D
) ]
Z
2
= 0.85 (Z
A-B
+ 0.85 Z
B-C
)
Grading according
the recommendation
with the safety margin
of 15%.
Page 21 Jul-06

Siemens AG 2006
Ring feeder: with grading against opposite end
0.6
0.3
grading time
(s)
The same grading from both sides
Page 22 Jul-06

Siemens AG 2006
Grading in a branched radial system
L2
L3
L4
L1
Z2
Z1
Z3
The impedances of the Z2 and Z3 must be grading with the shortest impedance

Distance Protection: For Transmission Lines: Part 1

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Distance Protection: For Transmission Lines: Part 1

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