CHAPTER

BACKGROUND OF THE DESIGN

 microwave are frequencies ranging from 500 MHz up to 300 GHz categorized as short haul or long haul APPLICATIONS OF MICROWAVE

STUDIO to TRANSMITTER LINK (for radio and tv broadcasting) link the head-ends (antenna sites) of many cable television installations to their distribution systems Link communication network involving telephone, data or television signals

STRENGHTS OF MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 1. Adapts to difficult terrain 2. Loss versus Line is not linear 3. Flexible Channelization 4. Relatively short installation time 5. It is transportable and, 6. It usually cost less than cable

WEAKNESSES OF MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 1. Paths can be blocked by building 2. Interception possible 3. Sites could be difficult to maintain 4. Relatively short installation time 5. Towers need periodic maintenance and lastly, 6. Atmospheric fading is experienced

The following are the objectives of the design: To design a communication system that will link provinces of region 1. To design a communication system that will provide voice and data transfer in region 1 To design a microwave communication system that has an over-all reliability of 99.999999%.

To the School

information and methodologies were compiled for future use of other ECE sudents to the Province
To help the province improve their economic status by providing a cellular communication system that will help them improve the speed of

to the Environment
The design is not harmful to the environment and to people because it uses line of sight propagation.

to the Proponents
The design will also help the proponent to gain experience for their future career outside the school.

the following are the scope of the design: Select sites where transmitter towers should be located The design uses only frequencies that ranges from 5 GHz to 6 GHz The design uses only center frequency ranging from 6.09 GHz to 6.25 GHz given by NTC. The Specification of radio and other equipments used in the design The types of soil and climate of places were transmitter towers will be located.

The following are the delimitations of the design: no actual site visitation and survey conducted no actual soil test that will prove the integrity of the location The design does not include the actual antenna orientation Elaboration of radio and other equipments were not elaborated in the design.

CHAPTER
OVERVIEW OF THE REGION

The region is composed of four provinces, namely: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union and Pangasinan. Its regional center is San Fernando, La Union. Ilocano speakers compose 66% of the region, and Pangasinan speakers are 27%, and the Tagalogs compose 3%. Region 1 was first inhabited by the aboriginal Negritos before they were pushed by successive waves of Malay/Austronesian immigrants that penetrated the narrow coast. Tingguians in the interior, Ilocanos in the north, and Pangasinense in the south settled the region

Strategically located in East Asia given its geographic proximity to some of the dynamic economies of Asia such as Taiwan, Korea, Japan, and Southern China. Its coastline runs along the international sea lanes of the South China Sea. Less than an hour flight time to and from Hongkong, Taiwan and South China.

A sprawling 12,840.19 square kilometers of land, the region is 4.28 percent of the countrys land area.
Relatively dry season from November to April and an abundant rainfall during the wet season from May to October. The temperature occurs coolers during the months of December up to February. The hottest months are April and May.

Agriculture Poultry and fishery Tourism telecommunication

PORTS
San Fernando Port Currimao Port San Fernando Seaport Sual Seaport Salomague Port (Cabugao)

AIRPORTS
Laoag International Airport San Fernando Domestic Airport

Wind power Plant (Bangui, Ilocos Norte) Sual Coal Power Plant (Pangasinan) APEC (Mabalacat, Pampanga) Hydroelectric Power Plant (San manuel and San Nicolas Pangasinan) Distributors

According to the NSO, the region posted a total population of 4, 748,372 persons. This is an increase of 547,894 from the May 1, 2000 population count of 4,200,478.

CHAPTER
DESIGN CONSIDERATION

SITE SELECTION FREQUENCY SELECTION MICROWAVE RADIO SELECTION MICROWAVE TOWER SELECTION LIGHTNING PROTECTOR SELECTION GROUNDING PROTECTOR SELECTION GENERATOR SELECTION UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY SELECTION AUTOMATIC TRANSFER SWITCH SELECTION AIRCONDITIONING UNIT SELECTION AVE ANTENNA SELECTION

CHAPTER
TRANSMISSION CALCULATION

PATH PROFILE It refers to the graph showing the path of the beam relative to the earths surface indicating high and low contour taken from a set of topographical map.
Hop 1 (Site 1 to Site 2)
160 150150 140 120

Elevation (m)

100 80 60 40 20 0 60 52 45 45 45 80 80 82 60

100100100100100100100100100100100100100

62 62

55 55

50 30

50 30 30 30 30 30

22 22 22

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38.5

Distance (km)

CALCULATION OF COORDINATES Coordinates is the longitude and latitude values of a certain place to determine its exact location in the globe.

GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCE CALCULATION Computation of the distance of two sites in each hops using the coordinates of the sites.

A = |Longitude 1 - Longitude 2| b = (90 - Latitude 1) c = (90 - Latitude 2) a = cos -1 [(cos (b))( cos (c)) + ( sin (b))( sin (c))( cos (A))] )(60 nautical miles/1 )(1.151 statute miles/1nautical miles) (1.609 km/1 statute miles)

Result of Great Circle Distance Calculation and Measured Distance in Topographic Map
Hop 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Sites Site 1 - Site 2 Site 2 - Site 3 Site 3 - Site 4 Site 4- Site 5 Site 5 - Site 6 Site 6 - Site 7 Site 7 - Site 8 Site 8 - Site 9 Site 9 - Site 10 Site 10 Site 11 Site 11 Site 12 Site 12 Site 13 Site 13 Site 14 a (Computed Distance in km) 38.57112788 19.99547281 11.95877882 38.15577437 17.71322409 28.91565548 22.05765888 25.28889019 17.52573508 35.60302666 28.58209871 29.47946117 24.63946587 Measured Distance(km) 38.575 20 11.95 38.15 17.7 28.90 22.05 25.27 17.51 35.6 28.6 29.49 24.65

Illustration of Operating Frequency in each Hop

Rx

Tx Site 1 Rx

F = 5945.20 GHz Channel 1 F = 6197.24 GHz

Rx Site 2 Tx

Tx

F = 6004.50 GHz Channel 3

Rx Site 3 Tx

Tx

Rx

F = 6256.54 GHz

Rx

F = 6315.84 GHz Channel 5 F = 6063.80 GHz

Tx Site 4

F = 6123.10 GHz Channel 7

Rx Site 5 Tx

Tx

F = 5945.20 GHz Channel 1

Rx Site 6 Tx

Tx

Tx

Rx

F = 6375.14 GHz

Rx

F = 6197.24 GHz

Rx

F = 6256.54 GHz Channel 3 F = 6004.50 GHz

Rx Site 7 Tx

Tx

F = 6063.80 GHz Channel 5

Rx Site 8 Tx

Tx

F = 6123.70 GHz Channel 7

Rx Site 9 Tx

Tx

Rx

F = 6315.84 GHz

Rx

F = 6375.14 GHz

Rx

F = 6197.24 GHz Channel 1 F = 5945.20 GHz

Rx Site 10 Tx

Tx

F = 6004.50 GHz Channel 3

Rx Site 11 Tx

Tx

F = 6063.80 GHz Channel 5

Rx Site 12 Tx

Tx

Rx

F = 6256.54 GHz

Rx

F = 6315.84 GHz

Rx

F = 6375.14 GHz Channel 7 F = 6123.70 GHz

Rx Site 13 Tx

Tx

F = 5945.20 GHz Channel 1

Rx Site 14 Tx

Rx

F = 6197.24 GHz

ANTENNA ORIENTATION COMPUTATION Antenna orientation is used to know the proper facing of the antenna with respect to the angle and direction towards each other.

Formulas:
C = |Longitude A Longitude B| where: C = variable to get the antenna orientation Longitude A = longitude of Site A Longitude B = longitude of Site B

Tan((y-x)/2) = (Cot(C/2))[(Sin((LatitudeBLatitudeA)/2)) /(Cos((LatitudeB+Latitude A)/2)] Tan((y+x)/2)=(Cot(C/2))[(Cos((LatitudeBLatitudeA)/2)) /(Sin((LatitudeB+LatitudeA)/2)]

where:
Latitude A = Latitude of Site A Latitude B = Latitude of Site B

X = ((y+x)/2) - ((y-x)/2) Y = ((y+x)/2) + ((y-x)/2)

At Site A (if X is greater than 90 add 360) N(90- X)E = S(90- X)W At Site B (if Y is less than 90 add 360) N(Y - 90)E = S(Y - 90)W

Hop 1

W 75166.88 751749.56

E S

Site 1 (Mariit near at Brgy. Bil-loca, Ilocos Norte)

Site 2 (Nagsingcadan, Cabugao, Ilocos Norte)

Result of antenna Orientation Computation

At site A Hop X in degrees Y in degrees N(90-X)E S(90-X)W 751749.56 6333'32.79" 32748'53.48" 8947'16.49" At Site B N(Y-90)E S(Y-90)W 7516'6.88" 6332'0.77 32747'9.7 8947'15.1"

1 2 3 4

Site 1 (site B) Site 2 (site A) Site 2 (site B) Site 3 (site A) Site 3 (Site B) Site 4 (site A) Site 4 (Site B) Site 5 (Site A) Site 5 (Site B)

144210.44 262627.21 122116.52 01243.51

165166.88 153320.77 57479.7 1794715.1

5 Site 6 (Site A) Site 6 (Site B) 6 Site 7 (Site A) Site 7 (Site B) 7 Site 8 (Site A) 8 Site 8 (Site B) Site 9 (Site A) Site 9 (Site B) 9 Site 10 (Site A) Site 10 (Site B) 10 Site 11 (Site A) Site 11 (Site B) 11 Site 12 (Site A) Site 12 (Site B) 12 Site 13 (Site A) Site 13 (Site B)

895954.79

1761330.87

8613'41.28"

8613'30.87"

27230.11

1523448.74

6236'59.89"

623448.74"

53156.32

1742742.98

8428'3.68"

842442.98

5514.3

174830.94

27551'29.06"

27551'4.3"

535237.17

12663.09

323510.26"

32349'40.52"

16254.91

175240.29

2875454.79

2875240.83

704653.4

1091012.2

19136.6

191012.2

1625057.4

17752.57

28792.6

287752.57

13
Site 14 (Site A)

1033428.48

762146.76

3462531.52

3462146.76

LINK BUDGET It is the accounting of all of the gains and losses from the transmitter, through the medium to the receiver in a telecommunication system.
antenna gain AGTX/RX = 20 log FGHz + 20 log Bft + 7.5 Where: FGHz = Center Frequency, GHz Bft = Antenna Diameter, ft

Total Gain

TG = AGTX + AGRX Where: AGTX = Antenna Gain for Transmitting Parabolic Antenna, dB AGRX = Antenna Gain for Receiving Parabolic Antenna, dB
Transmission Line Loss
TLLTX/RX = (Attenuation Factor) (Length of Transmission Line)

Free Space Loss FSL = 20 log (FGHz) + 20 log (Dkm) + 92.4 Where: FSL = Free Space Loss, dB FGHz = Center Frequency, GHz Dkm = path length, km Atmospheric Losses

Oxygen Absorption Loss

Ao = [7.19 x 10-3 + (6.09/ (f2 + 0.227)) + (4.81/ ((f 57)2 + 1.5))] x f2 x 10-3 Where: Ao = Oxygen Absorption Loss, dB/km f = Center Frequency, GHz

Water Vapor Loss

AH2O = [0.067 + (3/ ((f 22.3)2 + 7.3)) + (9/ ((f 183.3)2 + 6)) + (4.3/ ((f 323.8)2 + 10))] x f2 x x 10-4 Where: AH2O = Water Absorption Loss, dB/km f = Center Frequency, GHz = Water Vapor Density in gm/m3 should be below 12 gm/m3 = 12 gm/ m3 for tropical area such as Philippines

Total Atmospheric Loss TAL = AO + AH2O

Where: TAL = Total Atmospheric Loss, dB Ao = Oxygen Absorption Loss, dB AH2O = Water Absorption Loss, dB

Total Loss

TL = TLLTX + TLLRX + TAL + FSL

Where: TL = Total Loss, dB TLLTX = Transmission Lines Loss at Transmitter, dB TLLRX = Transmission Lines Loss at Receiver, dB TAL = Total Atmospheric Loss, dB FSL = Free Space Loss, dB

Net Path Loss NPL = TG TL Where: NPL = Net Path Loss, dB TG = Total Gain, dB TL = Total Loss, dB Received Signal Level RSL = PT - lNPLl Where: PT = Total Power, watts NPL = Net Path Loss, dB

Power involved in Computing Link Budget P1 = PT = 10 log (PT/1x103) Where: PT = total or transmitted power watts P1 = PT express in dBm P2 = P1 TLLTX Where: P2 = Power to be fed to the Transmitting antenna, watts TLLTX = Transmission Line l loss in Transmitter, dB

P3 = EIRP = P2 + AGTX Where: P3 = EIRP = Effective Isotropic Radiated Power, watts AGTX = Antenna Gain in the transmitter, dB

P4 = IRL = P3 FSL Where: P4 = IRL = Isotropic Received signal Level, watts FSL = Free Space Loss, dB P5 = P4 + AGRX Where: P4 = IRL = Isotropic Received signal Level AGRX = Antenna gain in the receiver, dB

P6 = RSL = P5 TLLRX Where: P6 = RSL = Received Signal Level, dBm TLLRX = Transmission Line Loss in the Receiver, dB