THESIS SUPERVISOR :-

EN. Mohd Zool Khazani CO SUPERVISOR :EN. Muhammad Nazir PRESENTED BY:JEGA THEEPAN 4081026271

 If we are using rechargeable battery in our mechanism we

have recharge the battery or change the battery frequently to run the mechanism. The number of application of DC motor is increasing day by days
Using the right motor with the right battery combination is very

important. If a motor that is too large for the battery is used, the life of the battery will be shortened and the motor will not have much actual operational time. When the battery begins to lose its charge, it must be recharged with another DC source If we are using a single type of battery it may have to wait to fully charge the battery and use back. By implementing above problem, user may not deserve to

change the battery frequently because we already implemented another batter source to save the energy which we may use back again and maintain using in long term.

 In this case we have to use two battery. DC motor and

extra small DC motor as a function of Dynamo When the main Dc motor rotate meanwhile we will attached the small Dc motor together to charge the secondary battery. This function can be use for nasa robot in space, remote toy cars, wireless mouse and many more other applications. To support the first battery when switching the charged battery to save the time of travelling (to reach at specified place in short time).

 When the battery begins to lose its charge, it must be

recharged with another source .For the electric motor to provide energy, its output has to pass through electric motor which can be used in conjunction with a source of mechanical energy and a rectifier to recharge battery which to turn to generator which can produce the power to charge an automotive battery. So by using battery it wont stay for a long period. This will make the user to change or charged the battery after the battery low.

 In order to change the battery or use the toys again, it

will take time to change or recharge the battery. Therefore, to overcome this problem, a battery back up system is introduced to charged the battery while the DC motor runs in various load.

 To design a small scale model that

implements the Dc motor, battery by using PIC16F877A To analyze and charge of the battery according to the loads given and based on time with two type of battery To identify and evaluate the performance of the Dc Motor with the battery according to the speed or the load been applied.

 The focus on this study is to analyze the performance

of the battery by the load given by the Dc motor and time saving by changing the battery when it is low.

 The limitation in this study is microcontroller and DC

motor for controlling the entire system. Cost: Microcontrollers with the supplementary circuit components are much cheaper Size and Weight: Microcontrollers are compact and light Small, compact, and easy to find and fixed

 To overcome the user to change the battery frequently

The usage of the mechanisms can be use in long duration

by saving the energy and the travelling

1.

Chigasaki[1] developed Battery Charging System for Power-Assisted battery charging system for power assisted. The new system consists of a small solar power generator. The system also includes, a battery pack containing a lithium-ion secondary battery, a charging and discharging control system, and a battery charger.

2.

John J.C. Kopera Cobasys 2004 [2] Inside the Nickel Metal Hydride Battery. The Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) battery has become pervasive in todays technology climate, powering everything from cellular phones to hybrid electric vehicles. The NiMH battery started its life as an evolution from the nickel hydrogen battery used in aerospace applications. NiMH batteries have been in development for well over twenty years, but were mere laboratory curiosities before the development of advanced metal hydride electrodes that were capable of being charged and discharged in a cell environment without failure.

 Christer Sderberg [3] A Milestone in the

Development of DC Motors DC motors have existed for more than a century, and at least twice during that period they have been popularly regarded as doomed to extinction. The first time this happened was when three-phase AC supply came onto the scene around the turn of the century. Thanks to their good regulatory properties DC motors nevertheless survived and, during the last few decades, have become more popular than ever, largely due to thyristor converters making it easy to capitalize on the advantages of DC technology.

 Based on the previous methods, there is need some additional

application to be add on the system in order to make the system more efficient. The main concern in all of the previous method is to maintaining the battery usage by not changing frequently In this thesis, display and LED will be use to display the RPM Battery voltage and the Motor voltage. This will show the situation of the battery while charging.

Table 1: Types of DC Motor

Type Stepper Motor Advantages Very precise speed and position control. High Torque at low speed. Disadvantages Expensive and hard to find. Require a switching control circuit

DC Motor w/field coil

Wide range of speeds and torques. More powerful than permanent magnet motors.

Require more current than permanent magnet motors, since field coil must be energized. Generally heavier than permanent magnet motors. More difficult to obtain. Generally small. Cannot vary magnetic field strength.

DC permanent magnet motor

Small, compact, and easy to find. Very inexpensive

Gasoline (small two stroke)

Very high power/weight ratio. Provide Extremely high torque. No batteries required.

Expensive, loud, difficult to mount, very high vibration.

Fig 1: Overall System Block Diagram

1)

Hardware Implementation: IC LM293D - is an integrated circuit motor driver. IC MAX232 - is an integrated circuit (IC) that acts as RS232. DC geared motor - used to illustrate the vehicle speed based on the rotation of the motor. LED - works as power indicator There are 1 switches used for button in turning on/off

 Primary Battery- non-rechargeable battery chemical

reaction is not easily reversible Secondary Battery - rechargeable battery easily reversed chemical reaction Capacity - available output of battery Charge - state of battery, capacity remaining Discharge - state of battery, capacity used Battery Type - Sealed Lead Acid (SLA) battery, NickelCadmium battery, Nickel-Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) battery, Lithium Ion battery

2)

Software Implementation: Microcontroller PIC16F877A - functions as the central processor for the small model and will gain data from sensors and react by manipulating the motor speed. Display - display value of the Battery and speed measurement detected by the IR sensors and motor. C compiler for Microchip PIC microcontrollers (mikroC) write the main C program to control the whole circuit. EAGLE LAYOUT Editor - draw schematic circuits and design the PCB boards. Visual Basic - display the speed and voltage

 Software Design:

Fig 2: Flowchart of the Software Subsystem:

 Prototype Development for the Overall System

Using PIC16F877A as a controller.
MAX232 - to convert the PIC UART signal to RS232 at the baud rate

speed of 9600bps. The whole circuit is using LM7805 voltage regulator to produce 5V.

Power Supply

Encoder

DC Motor

PIC16F877A

RS232

DC Motor

MAX232 LM293D

Fig 3: Schematic Connection

 Performance Evaluation for Development of Hardware

and Software Implementation

1.

Procedure to Test Performance of Battery type 1 Speed 1

Procedure to Test Performance of Battery type 1 Speed 2

Procedure to Test Performance of Battery type 1 Speed 3

2. Procedure to Test Performance of Battery type 2

Speed 1

Procedure to Test Performance of Battery type 2

Speed 2

Procedure to Test Performance of Battery type 2 Speed 3

3.

Procedure to Test Performance of Primary Battery type 1 with Secondary battery.

Speed 1

Procedure to Test Performance of Primary Battery type 1 with Secondary battery. Speed 2

Procedure to Test Performance of Primary Battery type 1 with Secondary battery. Speed 3

4. Procedure to Test Performance of Primary

Battery type 2 with Secondary battery.

Speed 1

Procedure to Test Performance of Primary Battery type 1 with Secondary battery. Speed 2

Procedure to Test Performance of Primary Battery type 1 with Secondary battery.

Speed 3

1.

Measurement Test

3.

Performance of DC Motor Testing

There are three speed of DC motor output which is faster, medium, slower, and stop. The vehicle can go for the fastest and with max RPM and min RPM. If the battery voltage had been reached at the max value it will stop

 A small scale model was developed and equipped with

the ultrasonic sensor in order to maintain the safe distance (38.1-63.5cm) between vehicle and the obstacle (or preceding vehicle) in front. The model has the ability to detect the front vehicle and measure the distance between them was achieved by displaying the distance value in centimetre on the LCD. The sensor can perform well under hot sun, overcast weather and at the 90 angle of sensor placement.

[1]

http://japantechniche.com/category/clean-tech/

[2]
[2 ]

Datasheet of Inside the Nickel Metal Hydride Battery 2005

http://www02.abb.com/global/gad/gad02077.nsf/lupLongContent/2AF8C5B

Thank you