Programming Fundamentals: Writing Code

3
Chapter 3 Programming Fundamentals

Writing Code
By Carlotta Eaton
Exploring Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 Copyright 1999 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Objectives...
1. Use the Sub command to create event procedures and general procedures 2. Use variables and differentiate data types 3. Differentiate between a variable and a constant 4. Differentiate between Dim and Static statements
5. Use help to find appropriate predefined

function, and then utilize the function
Copyright 1999 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Exploring MS Visual Basic 6 2
Objectives
6. Convert an algebraic formula to a Visual Basic statement; Write a program that calculates 7. Use the If...Then or Select Case statements to write code that makes decisions 8. Write code that repeats using Do...Loop, For...Next, or For Each ...Next looping statements
Exploring MS Visual Basic 6 Copyright 1999 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 3
Modules and Procedures

Code - the man behind the curtain Modules - large units of code that comprise a Visual Basic application Form Modules - contains a form and code for the form Standard Modules - contains code that is typically used by other modules
Modules and Procedures

Procedures - smaller units that comprise a module Event procedure - automatically invoked by an event General procedure - explicitly invoked by another procedure Private procedure - accessible from within a module Public procedure - accessible from anywhere
The Code Editor Window

View and edit code Views
Full
Module View Procedure View
Features
Auto
List Members Auto Quick Info Auto Syntax Check


Object List Box Procedure List Box
Full Module View button
Auto List Members
Exploring MS Visual Basic 6
Copyright 1999 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Help window Syntax error in Red
Procedure view button Error message box
Syntax Boxes
Syntax for a Visual Basic statement is shown in a syntax box Reserved words are shown in bold Programmer named words are shown in italics See next slide for an example
The Sub Statement

Private Sub controlname_eventname( ) Statements End Sub
Where Private is the default procedure type Sub indicates beginning of procedure controlname is name of associated control _ (underscore) required separator eventname is name of corresponding event ( ) set of parentheses is required End Sub indicates end of a procedure
The Sub Statement

Example
Private Sub cmdCalcTriangle_Click Dim Base As Single Dim Height As Single Dim Height As Single Area = 1 / 2 * (Base * Height) End Sub
Declarations, Variables, and Constants

Variable - a uniquely named storage location that contains data that changes during program execution Constant - a uniquely named storage locations that contains data that does not change during program execution
12
Declarations, Variables, and Constants

Rules for Naming Variables
Must begin with an alphabetic character Cant contain a period or type-declaration characters such as %, &, !, #, @ or $ Must be unique with same scope Must be no longer than 255 characters Should not reserved word (See Appendix A)
13
Declaring Variables
Declaration statement - nonexecutable code that sets aside storage locations for future use Local variables - declared within a procedure or function Global variables - declared in the general section of the application
Declaring Variables
Declare variables using the Dim or Static statements
Dim statement - value of variable preserved only until procedure ends Static statement - value of variable preserved the entire time the application is running
15
The Dim Statement

Dim variablename As datatype
Where
Dim is required variablename should be a descriptive name As is required datatype is one of the following types: Boolean, Byte, Date, Integer, Long, Single, Double, Currency, String, Object or Variant
16
Declaring Variables
Data Types
Boolean - True or false Date - From Jan 1, 100 to Dec 31, 9999 Integer - Numbers without a decimal point Long - Long integer Single - Numbers with a decimal point Double - Long Single Currency - Dollar amounts String - Character and alphanumeric data Object - Any object reference such as Word document Variant - default, can hold any data type
17
Assigning Values to Variables

Variablename = value
Where variablename is the descriptive name of the variable = is the assignment operator value is the value the variable will contain Examples: Number1 = 5 FirstName = Steve LoanAmount = 67.38 Length = 17.8 Note: Order is important. Variable name always on the left, and value on the right.
Declaring Constants
Const constantname As datatype = value
Where Const is required constantname is the descriptive name of the constant As is required datatype is the type of data the constant will contain = is the assignment operator value is the value of the constant Examples: Const Pi As Single 3.14159265358979 Const MaxNumber As Integer = 100
19
The Wind Chill Project

Write a program that calculates the wind chill temperature Find a formula UST Today Weather Web site
www.usatoday.com/weather/wchilform.htm Inputs: Wind Speed and Temperature Outputs: Wind Chill Temperature
20
The Wind Chill Project

Orginal formula
WC
= 0.0817(3.71(V **0.5) + 5.81 0.25V)(T - 91.4) + 91.4 = 0.0817 * (3.71 * Sqr(V) + 5.81 (0.25 * V)) * (T - 91.4) + 91.4
Visual Basic statement

WC
21
Functions
Function - unit of code that returns a value Build-in Functions
Sqr
- square root Rnd - random number generator Int - returns integer portion of a number Val - converts a string to a value
Functions
Locating built-in functions
Open
the Functions online reference book or search for a function by name your own functions using the Function statement
Programmer-written functions
Write
23
The Function Statement

Private Function function-name (argument1, argument2....) statements End Function
Where Private or Public is required Function indicates the beginning of a function function-name is the name that will be used to call the function ( ) parentheses are required around the argument list argument1, argument2 are optional variables needed to perform the calculation or actions needed for the function End Function indicates the end of the function
WindChill Function
Private Function WindChill( ) Purpose: Calculate the Wind Chill Reference: National Weather Service Dim V As Integer Wind Speed Velocity Dim T AS Integer Temperature V = hsbSpeed.Value T = hsbTemperature.Value WindChill = 0.0817 * (3.71 * Sqr(V) _ +5.81 - (0.25*V)) * (T-91.4)+91.4 End Function
WindChill Function
When the cmdCalculate button is clicked, the WindChill function is executed
Private Sub cmdCalculate_Click() WC = WindChill() txtWindChill.Text = Cint(WC) End Sub
26
The Wind Chill Project using Functions and Procedures

Hands-On Exercise 1
Create a New Project Create the Controls for Temperature Input Create the Controls for Wind Speed Input Create the Controls for Wind Chill Output Create the Image Control Add Banner Comments Add the Wind Chill Function Add Temperature and Speed Procedures Save, Run, Test your Project
Controlling your Application

Sequence
Functions and Procedures If...Then...Else statement Select Case statement
Selection

Repetition
For...Next Loop statement For Each...Next statement Do Loops
Learning to Add Project

Specification for the Game
purpose of the game is to practice addition skills use numbers between 0 and 9 user is a pre-school age child, in kindergarten, or in first grade user may not yet know how to read game should give visual feedback indicating correct or incorrect answer
Learning to Add Game

Reward for correct answer
30
Learning to Add Game

Image for incorrect answer
31
Design the User Interface

Prototype - a partially completed version of an application that demonstrates the look and feel of the finished product Usability Testing - end user or client tests design of user interface using a prototype
Making Decisions with the Learning to Add Game

Hands-On Exercise 2
Create
the Learning to Add Project Add Controls to Display the Problem Set Common Properties Set Individual Control Properties Add More Images and Set Properties Add Picture Box Controls for Icon Buttons
Making Decisions with the Learning to Add Game

Hands-On Exercise 2 (continued)
Add
Banner Comments Add the Load Form Procedure Add the Checkmark Picture Procedure Add the Arrow Picture Procedure Run and Save your Project Test and Debug your Project Print your Project Code and Exit
For...Next Loop Structure

For counter = start To end Step increment statements Next counter Where Counter is tested to see if less than end. If so, repeat loop again. If not, go to statement after Next.
35
Do While...Loop Structure
Do While condition statements Loop Where The condition is tested, and if true the loop is repeated. When the condition is false, the loop statements are skipped the statement after Loop is executed.
36
Do Until...Loop Structure
Do Until condition statements Loop Where The condition is tested, and if false the loop is repeated. When the condition is true, the loop statements are skipped the statement after Loop is executed.
37
Do Until...Loop Structure
Calculate the factorial of a number given by user Dim Factorial As Double Dim I As Integer User gives number I = 1 Factorial = 1 Do While I <= Val (txtAnswer.text) Factorial = Factorial + 1 I = I + 1 Loop
Loops with the Marching Band Project Hands-On Exercise 3
Create the Marching Band Project Add Command Buttons and a Timer Add Controls to Display the Band Add Banner Comments Add Code for Buttons and the Form Add Code to Add Animation Run, Save, Test and Debug Your Project Create a Copy of the Project Change Animation Code Update, Run, Save, Test and Debug Exit Visual Basic
Copyright 1999 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 39
Summary ...
Fundamental programming demonstrated Variables vs. Constants Data types Local vs Global variables Functions and Procedures Control structures: sequence, selection and repetition
40
Summary
Statements
Dim,
Static, Const Public, Private Sub, Function Do...Loop, Do While...Loop, Do Until...Loop For Each...Next, For...Next If...Then...Else Select Case
Practice with Visual Basic

1. Learning to Subtract Game 2. Wind Chill in Celsius 3. Heat Index 4. Rock, Paper, Scissors Game 5. Creating Variables 6. Event-driven Programming 7. For...Next Loop 8. Digital Clock
Case Studies
Calculate a Formula Weather Calculations More Fun and Games More Web Resources for Visual Basic
43

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Chapter 3 Programming Fundamentals

Exploring Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 Copyright 1999 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

5. Use help to find appropriate predefined

Modules and Procedures

Modules and Procedures

The Code Editor Window

Module View Procedure View

List Members Auto Quick Info Auto Syntax Check

The Code Editor Window

Full Module View button

Auto List Members

Exploring MS Visual Basic 6

Copyright 1999 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

The Code Editor Window

Procedure view button Error message box

Exploring MS Visual Basic 6

Copyright 1999 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Exploring MS Visual Basic 6

Copyright 1999 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

The Sub Statement

The Sub Statement

Declarations, Variables, and Constants

Exploring MS Visual Basic 6

Copyright 1999 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Declarations, Variables, and Constants

Exploring MS Visual Basic 6

Copyright 1999 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Exploring MS Visual Basic 6

Copyright 1999 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

The Dim Statement

Exploring MS Visual Basic 6

Copyright 1999 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Exploring MS Visual Basic 6

Copyright 1999 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Assigning Values to Variables

Exploring MS Visual Basic 6

Copyright 1999 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

The Wind Chill Project

Exploring MS Visual Basic 6

Copyright 1999 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

The Wind Chill Project

Visual Basic statement

Exploring MS Visual Basic 6

Copyright 1999 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Exploring MS Visual Basic 6

Copyright 1999 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

The Function Statement

Private Sub cmdCalculate_Click() WC = WindChill() txtWindChill.Text = Cint(WC) End Sub

Exploring MS Visual Basic 6

Copyright 1999 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

The Wind Chill Project using Functions and Procedures

Exploring MS Visual Basic 6 Copyright 1999 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 27

Controlling your Application

Functions and Procedures If...Then...Else statement Select Case statement

Exploring MS Visual Basic 6 Copyright 1999 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 28

Learning to Add Project

Exploring MS Visual Basic 6 Copyright 1999 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 29

Learning to Add Game

Exploring MS Visual Basic 6

Copyright 1999 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Learning to Add Game