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GENERATOR PROTECTION
CONNECTED GENERATORS
FIG
This arrangement is likely to be used only when the individual phases are not
brought out at the neutral end.
Example: A 6600V, 4000KVA star connected alternator has a reactance of 2 ohms/phase and negligible resistance. It is protected by Merz-Price longitudinal differential protection which operates when out of balance current exceeds 30% of the full load current. If Rn= 7.5 ohms, Determine % of winding which remains unprotected. Show that the effect of the generator reactance can be ignored.
faults
For large machines there is a requirement for detection of earth fault occurring anywhere in the stator winding
Two different schemes are available for complete protection of the stator winding: 1. Low frequency injection scheme.
resistance.
A relay which monitors the sub harmonic current is arranged to operate when current increases due to an earth fault on the stator winding.
and ground.
The value of the voltage will depend on 1. The relative values of the impedance of the earthing devices. 2. The capacitance to earth of the stator windings, the capacitance to earth of the busbars, cables and transformer windings connected to the generator.
Fig.
The third harmonic voltage developed by faults at a distance x to y from the neutral of the generator lies in the same range as produced by pre-fault operating condition.
b) more than OB
Fig.
The problem of blind-zone is overcome by providing two protection system operating simultaneously 1) The one system monitors the fundamental component of the neutral voltage.
Fig.
OF THE
STATOR WINDING
The zero-sequence voltage based interturn fault protection must discriminate against 1. External earth fault will also produce a zero sequence voltage on a directly connected generator.
a) Most of the voltage will be expended on the earthing resistor, the drop on the generator winding being small and the zero-sequence voltage being
earth
c) This is done by a voltage transformer connected to the line terminals, with the neutral point of
earthing resistor
1. The third harmonic component of the e.m.f. is of zero-sequence and is likely to be of a magnitude exceeding the required relay setting. It is therefore necessary to provide a filter to extract the third harmonic component from the VT output and apply it as a relay bias
a) With a direct connected machine it is still possible that a close-up earth fault will produce a zero-sequence voltage drop greater than that produced by the short-circuiting of one-turn.
OVERLOAD PROTECTION
Overload in terms of current or MVA as distinct from megawatts is possible. It is desirable to provide an overload relay having a suitable time characteristic.
are provided.
The rotor winding temperature is
TRANSIENT OVERVOLTAGE
Surge overvoltages originate largely in the transmission system because of switching and atmospheric
disturbance (lightning)
terminals.
Over voltage may be caused by the following contingencies: 1. Defective operation of the AVR 2. Operation under manual control with the AVR out of service 3. Sudden loss of load (due to line tripping) may cause the hydro
set to over-speed.