Chapter 04

CHAPTER 2
Mohd Asmadi Bin Mohammed Yussuf

Faculty of Chemical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM
Johor, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
Chemical Reaction Engineering Group, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
N02 1-8, 2.00 4.00 P.M 20
th
Sept, 2012 (Thu)
STATICS OF PARTICLE: PART 1
Outline of this Lecture
Force on a Particle

Vectors

Resultant of Several Concurrent Forces

Resolution of a Vector

Rectangular Component of Forces
Week Topic Topic Outcomes
2 Statics of Particles

Part 1:
Addition and resolution of forces

Rectangular components of
forces

Part 2:
Equilibrium of particle

Problems involving the
equilibrium of a particle
It is expected that students are able to:

Part 1:
Forces and resolve them into
components using the parallelogram law.

Determine the vectors magnitude and
direction.

Part 2:
Draw a correct free body diagram

Writes the equations of equilibrium
corresponding to the free-body diagrams.

Solve the equilibrium equations.
Topic Outcomes
Force on a Particle
30
F = 100N
A
F = 100N
30
Represent as
A force represent the action of one body on another.
Characteristics of the force vector
Point of application
Magnitude
Direction (line of action)
Effect of the force: Change the motion of a body
Body at rest may set the body in motion
Body in motion may accelerate or retard the body
Force on a Particle
Resultant of Two Forces
Principle of physical independence
If a number of forces are simultaneously acting on a
particle, then each force will produce the same
effects which it would have done while acting alone.
Example:
30
F = 100N
A
30
F = 100N
A
=
30
F = 100N
A
F = 100N
30
Represent as
AND
Force on a Particle
Scalars and Vectors
Scalars Vectors
Force, velocity Examples: Mass, volume
It has a magnitude
and direction
Characteristics:
It has a magnitude
(positive or negative)
Parallelogram law Addition rule: Simple arithmetic
Bold font, a line, an
arrow or a carrot
Special notation: None
Vectors
A+ B
o
B
|
A
start
end
u
A+ B = R
A
2A
-1.5A
0.5A
Scalar Multiplication and Division
Addition of two forces vector
|
A
o
B
Basic Vector Operation
Addition of Vectors
TRIANGLE METHOD (always tip to tail):
A + B
o
B
|
A
start
end
u
A + B = R
|
A
B
start
o B + A = R
u
end
B + A
A + B = B+ A = R
Combination of two
|
A
o
B
o
|
A
B
u
start
end
Parallelogram law
R
Chemical Reaction Engineering Group, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia
Vector Addition (Cont.)
Video
Resultant of Several
Concurrent Forces
100N
20
150N
30
R
u
start
end
|
o
|
Particle A acted by several upon coplanar forces.
A
P
Q
S
|
o
|
S
|
u
R
end
Q
o
P
|
A
start
Sum of More Vectors
P Q
|
o
R
end
A
S
|
start
OR S + Q + P = R
Vector addition is associated
P+Q+S = (P+Q)+S = S+(P+Q) = S+(Q+P) = S+Q+P
Malaysia
Sum of Three Vectors
If a number of forces P, Q, S are acting
simultaneously on a particle, then a single force,
which will produce the same effects as all of the given
forces, is known as a RESULTANT FORCE. The forces
P, Q , S are called COMPONENT FORCES.
Solution
Procedure
Graphical Trigonometry
Rectangular
component
Malaysia
Resultant Force
Application is better illustrated by the following example:
Determine the resultant
of the two forces.
100N
150N
20
30
Malaysia
Example 1
Solution 1 : Graphical Method
Using a scale 1cm = 50N
The procedure is to start at a point
and arrange the force vectors tip-
to-tail. Resultant is the vector
beginning from start and
finishing at end.
100N
20
150N
30
R
u
start
end
R = 3.3 cm = 165N - using ruler
u = 83.5

- using protractor
Malaysia
Solution 1
Solution 2: Trigonometry Method
R
x
y
A
B

The procedure is identical to the graphical method, but trigonometry
is used to calculate the magnitude and direction (angle). These is no
need to draw the polygon to scale.
Prerequisites:
Defining question for usage:
Do you know 2 sides and the angle them?
IF answer is YES, then we use the law of cosines
IF answer is NO, then we must use the law of sines
3. MUST BE GOOD IN DETERMINING ANGLES
Solution 1 (Cont.)
sin
A
sin
B
sin
R
= =
2. LAW of SINES:

1. LAW OF COSINES:
R
2
= (A)
2
+ (B)
2
2AB cos |

| = 20
o
+ 60
o
= 80
o
Cosine law:
R
2
= 100
2
+150
2
2(100)(150) cos 80
o
R = 165.2 N
Sine Law:
sino
150
=
sin80
o
165.2
o = 63.4
o
u = o + 20
o
= 83.4
o
100N
20
150N
30
R
u
start
end
|
o
|
R = 165.2N
83.4

Solution 1 (Cont.)
Resolution of a Vector
Resolution of a vector is breaking up a vector into
components.

It is kind of like using the parallelogram law in reverse.
Resolution of A Vector
R
a
b
Extend parallel lines from the head
of R to form components
R
a
b
Components
A
B
Resultant
Line of action of each component is known
A
A
B
B
R
R
AA
= R
A
R
BB
= R
B

Assume we are given R,
and Since by geometry,
=180(+), all internal
angles in the oblique vector
triangle are known. USING
THE LAW OF SINES:

sino
R
=
sin
R
A
so that R
A
= R
sin
sino
|
\
|
.
|
Also:
sino
R
=
sin|
R
B
so that R
B
= R
sin|
sino
|
\
|
.
|
Resolution of A Vector
Rectangular Component of
Forces
u
F
x
y
F
X
= +Fcosu
F
y
= +Fsinu
The forces are first resolved into component
along two axes which are perpendicular to each
other. The normal is use the x and y axes.
But first, resolution of forces:
u
F
x
y
Malaysia
F
X
= +Fcosu u
F
x
y
F
X
= +Fsinu
F
y
= +Fcosu
F
y
= +Fsinu
u
F
x
y
u
F
x
y
u
F
x
y
u
F
x
y
F
X
= -Fsinu
F
y
= +Fcosu
F
X
= -Fcosu
F
y
= +Fsinu
F
X
= -Fcosu
F
y
= -Fsinu
F
X
= -Fsinu
F
y
= -Fcosu
u
F
x
y
F
X
= +Fcosu
F
y
= -Fsinu
u
F
x
y
F
X
= +Fsinu
F
y
= -Fcosu
Useful observation:
Resolution are based on acute angles
The component beside the given angle is always cos
Resolve the force first, then compare with the axes for (+ve) or (-ve) sign
The Resultant is found by using:

R = R
x
2
+ R
y
2
....... (magnitude)
R
x
= F
x
and R
y
= F
y
u=tan
-1
R
y
R
x
|
\
|
.
|
|
.......(direction)
Solution 3: Rectangular Component
100N
150N
20
30
100sin20

100cos20

150cos30

150sin30

+ve: R
x
= F
x
R
x
= 100cos20
o
150sin30
o
R
x
= 18.97 N ( )
| +ve: R
y
= F
y
R
y
= 100sin20
o
+150cos 30
o
R
y
= 164.1 N ( | )
R
x

R
y

u

R = (18.97)
2
+ (164.1)
2
= 165.3 N
u=tan
-1
164.1
18.97
|
\
|
.
|
= 83.4
o
The graphical method is simple but might lack the accuracy
required. A suitable scale must be employed to avoid errors.
The trigonometry method is more suitable for addition of two
forces. The resultant of many forces will result in longer and
tedious calculations. There are two instances where this method is
invaluable:
Determine the component of force which are not
perpendicular to each other .
In special cases, when there are 3 unknowns involved,
usually finding the minimum value of a force.
The rectangular components methods is suitable for almost
all category question (except the two discussed above),
especially so in problem involving several concurrent forces.
Comparison Between the Methods
The two forces P and Q act on a bolt A. Determine their
resultant, R.
P = 40 N
Q = 60N
20
0
25
0
Example 2
155
o
60 N
40 N
R

Kosine Law:
R = 60
2
+ 40
2
2(40)(60)kos155
o
= 97.73 N
Sine Law
R
sin155
o
=
40
sin|
| = 9.97
o
u = 45
o
-9.97
o
= 35.03
o
Using Parallelogram Law:

+ve R
x
= 40kos20
0
+ 60kos45
0
= 80.01N
| +ve R
y
= 40sin20
0
+ 60sin45
0
= 56.11N
R= R
x
2
+ R
y
2
= 97.73 N
u = tan
1
R
y
R
x
|
\
|
.
|
|
= 35.03
0
OR
Solution 2
Determine the resultant of the two forces.
5 kN
3.5kN
65
0
30
0
Example 3
5 kN
3.5kN
85
0
R

R
2
= 5
2
+ (3.5)
2
2(5)(3.5)kos85
0
R = 5.85 kN
Direction of Resultant Force, R:
sino
5
=
sin85
0
R
o = 58.4
0
u = 58.4
0
30
0
= 28.4
0
Solution 3
OR
Resolution of a Forces

+ve R
x
= 3.5kos30
o
+ 5kos65
o
= 5.144N
|+ve R
y
= 5sin65
o
3.5sin30
o
= 2.782N
R = 5.144
2
+ 2.782
2
= 5.848N
u = tan
1
R
y
R
x
|
\
|
.
|
|
= 28.41
o
Solution 3 (Cont.)
Three forces, F
1
, F
2
and F
3
act on point A. If the resultant is known to be
on the a-a axis, determine the magnitude of F
3
and the resultant R.
A
40

F
3
= 100N
F
1
= 200 N
20

30

F
3

45

a
a
Ans: R = 178.6 N, F
3
= 230.4 N
Example 4
Solution 1
A
40

F
3
= 100N
F
1
= 200 N
20

30

F
3

45

a
a
R
Rcos30
Rsin30 F
3
sin45
F
3
cos45
200sin20
200cos20
The assumption in direction of
R must be stated

+ve: R
x
= F
x
R cos 30
o
= 100cos 40
o
200sin20
o
F
3
cos 45
o
0.866R = 8.2 0.707F
3
......(1)
| +ve: R
y
= F
y
R sin30
o
= 100sin40
o
+ 200cos20
o
F
0.5R = 252.2 0.707F
3
......(2)

Solving for R and F
3
equ.(1) - equ.(2):
1.366R = 244
R = 178.6 N replace in equ.(1)
0.866(178.6) = 8.2 0.707F
3
F
3
= 230.4 N
x
y
Solution 4
Solution 2
A
40

F
3
= 100N
F
1
= 200 N
20

30

F
3

45

a
a
x
y
30

Use slanting axes where the
forces are resolved through
90
component are not vertical

and horizontal.
Solution 4 (Cont.)
Solution 3
Polygon
A
40
F
3
= 100N
F
1
= 200 N
20

30

F
3

45

a
a
R
1

Start
End 2
End 1
Solution 4 (Cont.)
Determine components of the 100N force along the a-a and b-b axes
60

100 N
25

a
a
b
b
Ans: F
a-a
= 204.9 N, F
b-b
= 235.7 N
Tutorial 1
Determine the resultant R and the minimum force P, if the resultant
of the forces is vertically downwards.
30

u
100 N
P
Ans: P = 50 N , R = 86.6N +
Tutorial 2
Three forces, F
1
, F
2
and F
3
act on point A, determine the resultant, R.
40

20

45

F
1
= 200N
F
2
= 100N
F
3
= 300N
Ans: R = 207.8N, = 11.13

Tutorial 3
Additional Materials 1

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CHAPTER 2

Mohd Asmadi Bin Mohammed Yussuf

component are not vertical

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