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\
|
=
n
st
m k
F
X
e
e
o
e
k F
st
/
0
= o
Thus,
t
m k
F
t
n
D t
n
C t x e
e
e e cos
2
0
sin cos ) (
+ + =
Because the exciting force and particular solution is
harmonic and has same frequency, we can assume a
solution in the form:
Using initial conditions
Hence,
0 0
) 0 ( and ) 0 ( x t x x t x
= = = =
n
x
D
m k
F
x C
e
e
0
,
2
0
0
=
t
m k
F
t
x
t
m k
F
x t x
n
n
n
e
e
e
e
e
e
cos
sin cos ) (
2
0
0
2
0
0
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
=
The max amplitude:
2
1
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
n
st
X
e
e
o
where the quantity is
called the magnification
factor, amplification factor, or
amplitude ratio. The
response of the system can
be identified to be of three
types from the figure.
st
X o /
Case 1. When 0 < < 1, the denominator is positive
and the response is given without change. The
harmonic response of the system is in phase with
external force.
n
e e /
2
1
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
n
st
X
e
e
o
where the amplitude,
Case 2. When > 1, the denominator is negative
and the steady-state solution can be expressed as
n
e e /
t X t x
p
e cos ) ( =
1
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
n
st
X
e
e
o
Case 3. When = 1, the amplitude X given
becomes infinite. This condition, for which the forcing
frequency is equal to the natural frequency of the
system, is called resonance. Hence, the total response
if the system at resonance becomes
t
t
t
x
t x t x
n
n st
n
n
n
e
e o
e
e
e
sin
2
sin cos ) (
0
0
+
+ =
n
e e /
Total Response
1 for ; cos
1
) cos( ) (
2
<
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
n
n
st
n
t t A t x
e
e
e
e
e
o
| e
1 for ; cos
1
) cos( ) (
2
>
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
n
n
st
n
t t A t x
e
e
e
e
e
o
| e
and
Beating Phenomenon
If the forcing frequency is close to, but not exactly equal
to, the natural frequency of the system, beating may
occur. The phenomenon of beating can be expressed as:
t t
m F
t x e c
ce
sin sin
2
/
) (
0
|
.
|
\
|
=
The time between the points of zero amplitude or the
points of maximum amplitude is called the period of
beating and is given by
e e
t
c
t
t
= =
n
b
2
2
2
The frequency of beating defined as
e e c e = =
n b
2