Animal Origins and the Evolution of Body Plans

Animals
1. multicellular heterotrophs

2. structural proteins
3. unique tissues

Animals
4. diploid with development proceeding via a blastula zygote
cleavage

blastula

gastrulation

gastrula

Evolutionary Relationships
monophyletic group

differences lie in body plans and developmental patterns

Body Plans
based on symmetry
asymmetric radial bilateral

cephalization is correlated with bilateral symmetry

Body Plans
Hox cluster
found in all bilaterally symmetrical animals determines morphological development
e.g. genes that determine head development are the same in flatworms and humans

Developmental Differences
germ layers
endoderm mesoderm ectoderm

diploblastic vs. triploblastic

Developmental Differences
body cavities
acoelomate pseudocoelomate coelomate
protostome deuterostome

Protostome/Deuterostome Characteristics
Characteristic Protostome Deuterostome

Cleavage Pattern Coelom Formation Fate of blastopore

spiral, determinate schizocoelous

radial, indeterminate enterocoelous

mouth

anus

Phylum Porifera
sessile

no true tissues
marine and freshwater

Phylum Porifera
body plan
two layers separated by mesohyl
amoebocytes spicules

spongocoel osculum choanocytes hermaphrodites

Phylum Cnidaria

blind gut (gastrovascular cavity) sessile polyp, floating medusa tentacles with cnidocytes
nematocysts

Phylum Cnidaria
diploblastic (2 germ layers)
mesoglea

nerve net sexual and asexual reproduction

Phylum Ctenophora
all marine 8 rows of comb-like plates tentacles with colloblasts complete gut

Protostomia vs. Deuterostomia

bilaterally symmetrical

protostomes
CNS with brain surrounding entrance to a digestive tract ventral nervous system free floating larva

Protostomia vs. Deuterostomia

deuterostomes
dorsal nerve system

Phylum Platyhelminthes
bilateral symmetry no body cavity triploblastic marine and freshwater free-living and symbiotic

Platyhelminthes
dorsoventrally flattened
surface area to volume

gastrovascular cavity sexual and asexual reproduction

Class Turbellaria
majority are free-living
e.g. planarian

move using cilia flame cells for water balance regeneration hermaphrodites

Classes Monogenea and Trematoda

called flukes

filled with reproductive organs

mostly parasitic

Class Cestodea
tapeworms

all parasitic
proglottids

Phylum Annelida
protostome coelomate segmentation closed circulatory system metanephridia hermaphrodites
cross fertilize

Class Polychaeta
mostly marine

parapodia with setae

Class Oligochaeta
terrestrial and freshwater

few setae
no parapodia cutaneous gas exchange

Class Hirudinea
leeches freshwater or moist areas parasitic or carnivorous no setae

Phylum Mollusca
protostome coelomate marine and freshwater open circulatory system hermaphroditic and dioecious 3 part body plan
foot visceral mass mantle

Class Polyplacophora
termed chitons

8 dorsal plates
most are marine herbivores

Class Gastropoda
marine, freshwater, and terrestrial

may possess shells

gills or primitive lung

Class Bivalvia
divided shells hinged gills for feeding and gas exchange

Class Cephalopoda
carnivorous, marine modified foot
tentacles and part of head

move via propulsion of water from mantle closed circulatory system complex brain