To understand how management theories develop To understand the impact of the environment to management thinking To gain insights into

new management approach

GENERAL ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC

SOCIAL

OPERATING ENVIRONMENT INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY STRUCTURE INPUTS

NEW ENTRANTS

SUPPLIER

SUBSTITUTES POLITICAL

COMPETITION TECHNOLOGY

CUSTOMER

LEGAL

Scientific Management
Frederick W. Taylor Frank and Lillian Gilbreth Henry Gantt

Bureaucratic Management
Max Weber

Administrative Management
Henri Fayol

Its development began with Frederick Winslow Taylor in the 1880s and 1890s within the manufacturing industries Scientific management, also called Taylorism Its main objective was improving economic efficiency, especially labor productivity. It was one of the earliest attempts to apply science to the engineering of processes and to management Although scientific management as a distinct theory or school of thought was obsolete by the 1930s. most of its themes are still important parts of industrial engineering and management today. These include analysis; synthesis; logic; rationality; empiricism; work ethic; efficiency and elimination of waste; standardization of best practices

In economics, the term economic efficiency refers to the use of resources so as to maximize the production of goods and services An economic system is said to be more efficient than another (in relative terms) if it can provide more goods and services for society without using more resources

Gilbreths Contributions to Management Theory Motion study

Analyzing an activity into its smallest possible elements, and from the results synthesizing a method of performing the activity that shall be more efficient

Employer and employee must cooperate in the work process for benefits to occur. Increase efficiency by removing unnecessary movements Reduce fatigue for employees Frank and Lillian integrated science into management by:
Proper planning Gathering Arranging Systematizing information

Doctors Disabled persons Baseball players Golfers Brick layers Homemakers

Pictures Motion pictures Cyclographs Chronocyclographs

A device used in micromotion studies to record a complete work cycle by taking still pictures with long exposures, the motion paths being traced by small electric lamps fastened to the worker's hands or fingers; time is obtained by interrupting the light circuits with a controlled frequency which produces dots on the film.

Three steps to improving the teaching process

Determine the most effective way to do the work In the shortest time possible, convey the best way to do a task Use a presentation method that will be remembered the longest

Henry Laurence Gantt, M.E. (1861 23 November 1919) was an American mechanical engineer and management consultant who is mostly known for developing the Gantt chart in the 1910s. He then worked as a teacher and draughtsman before becoming a mechanical engineer. In 1887, he joined Frederick W. Taylor in applying scientific management principles to their work at Midvale Steel and Bethlehem Steelworking there with Taylor until 1893.

Henry Gantt's legacy to production management is the following: The Gantt chart: Still accepted as an important management tool today, it provides a graphic schedule for the planning and controlling of work, and recording progress towards stages of a project. The chart has a modern variation, Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT). Industrial Efficiency: Industrial efficiency can only be produced by the application of scientific analysis to all aspects of the work in progress. The industrial management role is to improve the system by eliminating chance and accidents. The Task And Bonus System: He linked the bonus paid to managers to how well they taught their employees to improve performance. The social responsibility of business: He believed that businesses have obligations to the welfare of the society in which they operate.

"production cards" for assigning work to each operator and recording how much was done each day He proposes giving to the foreman each day an "order of work" that is an ordered list of jobs to be done that day Gantt shows a progress chart that indicates for each month of the year, using a thin horizontal line, the number of items produced during that month. In addition, a thick horizontal line indicates the number of items produced during the year.