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Chapter 10
Modulation And Modems
Topics Covered
10.1 Introduction 10.2 Carriers, Frequency, And Propagation 10.3 Analog Modulation Schemes 10.4 Amplitude Modulation 10.5 Frequency Modulation 10.6 Phase Shift Modulation 10.7 Amplitude Modulation And Shannon's Theorem 10.8 Modulation, Digital Input, And Shift Keying 10.9 Phase Shift Keying 10.10 Phase Shift And A Constellation Diagram
Topics Covered
10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Modem Hardware For Modulation And Demodulation Optical And Radio Frequency Modems Dialup Modems QAM Applied To Dialup V.32 and V.32bis Dialup Modems
10.1 Introduction
This chapter
focuses on the use of high-frequency signals to carry information discusses how information is used to change a high-frequency electromagnetic wave explains why the technique is important describes how analog and digital inputs are used
Then it generates a modulated carrier as output, as in Figure 10.1 In essence, a sender must change one of the fundamental characteristics of the wave There are three primary techniques that modulate an electromagnetic carrier according to a signal:
Amplitude modulation Frequency modulation Phase shift modulation
The first two methods of modulation are the most familiar and have been used extensively
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Figure 10.3 illustrates an example of FM for an info signal FM is more difficult to visualize
because slight changes in frequency are not as clearly visible However, one can notice that the modulated wave has higher frequencies when the signal used for modulation is stronger
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Practical systems do not allow for a modulated signal to approach zero Consider Shannon's Theorem
assuming the amount of noise is constant
the signal-to-noise ratio will approach zero as the signal approaches zero
Keeping the carrier wave near maximum insures that the signal-to-noise ratio remains as large as possible
This permits the transfer of more bits per second
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Figure 10.4 Illustration of (a) a carrier wave (b) a digital input signal (c) amplitude shift keying (d) frequency shift keying
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Data communications systems often use techniques that can send more bits PSK changes the phase of the carrier wave abruptly
each such change is called a phase shift
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A constellation diagram is used to express the exact assignment of data bits to specific phase changes Figure 10.6 illustrates the concept Many variations of PSK exist
A phase shift mechanism such as the one illustrated in Figure 10.6 permits a sender to transfer one bit at a time
It is called Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) or 2-PSK
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Figure 10.7 shows the constellation diagram for a system that uses 4 possible phase shifts
At each stage of transmission, a sender uses 2-bits of data to select among the 4-possible shift values This is known as 4-PSK mechanism
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Figure 10.9 illustrates how a pair of modems use a 4-wire connection to communicate Modems are designed to provide communication over long distances
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A pair of RF modems can be used to send data via radio A pair of optical modems can be used to send data across a pair of optical fibers Modems can use entirely different media, but the principle remains the same:
at the sending end, a modem modulates a carrier at the receiving end, data is extracted from the modulated carrier
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The chief difference between dialup and conventional modems arises from the lower bandwidth of audible dialup modems Interior of a modern telephone system used today is digital
The phone system digitizes the incoming audio Transports a digital form internally Converts the digitized version back to analog audio for delivery The receiving modem demodulates the analog carrier Extracts the original digital data
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Term internal modem to denote an embedded device Term external modem to denote a separate physical device
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Figure 10.13 illustrates the constellation Sophisticated signal analysis is needed to detect the minor change that occurs from a point in the constellation to a neighboring point
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