Concepts, Applications, Skills Development

Management Fundamentals

Motivating
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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Employees will live up to or down to their own expectation
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Ability x motivation x resources = Performance

Performance Formula

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Major Motivation Theories

Classification of Motivation
Theories 1.Content of motivation theories a. Hierarchy of needs theory b. ERG theory c. Two-factor theory d. Acquired needs theory a. Equity theory b. Goal-setting theory c. Expectancy theory

Specific Motivation Theory

2.Process motivation theories

3.Reinforcement theory

Type of Reinforcement
a. Positive b. Avoidance
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Hierarchy of Needs Theory

SelfActualization Esteem Social Safety Physiological
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Power Affiliation Achievement

Acquired Needs Theory

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Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow) SelfActualization Esteem Social Safety Physiological

A Comparison of Four Content Motivation Theories

ERG Theory (Alderfer) Growth Growth Relatedness Existence Existence Two-Factor Theory (Herzberg) Motivators Motivators Maintenance Maintenance Maintenance

Acquired Needs Theory (McClelland) Achievement and Power Achievement and Power Affiliation Not classified Not classified Motivating needs are developed through experience.

Needs must be met in a hierarchy order.

Unmet needs can be at any level simultaneously.

Maintenance factors will not motivate employees.

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Equity Theory
Our inputs (contributions) Our outcomes (rewards)

= =

Others input (contributions) Others outcomes (rewards)

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Expectancy Theory
Proposes that employees are motivated when they believe they can accomplish the task and the rewards for doing so are worth the

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Expectancy Theory
Expectancy X Valence = Motivation
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4 Conditions for Expectancy Theory

Performance Rewards Clear tied to have objectives rewards value

Employees believe you

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Reinforcement Theory
Through the consequences for behavior, employees will be motivated to behave in predetermine d ways.

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4 Types of Reinforcement
Positive Avoidanc e Punishme nt Extinction
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Giving Praise
1. Tell the employee exactly what wasdone correctly.
Plannin g Leading

2. Tell the employee why the behavior is important .

3. Stop for a moment of silence.

4. Encourag e repeat performan ce

Organizin g

Controllin g

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The Motivation Process with the Motivation 1. Need Theories

(Unmet need or want to be satisfied at work)

Content Motivation Theories

Hierarchy of Needs Theory ERG Theory Two-Factor Theory Acquired Needs Theory

2. Motive
(Selecting behavior to satisfy need)

Process Motivation Theories

Equity Theory Goal-Setting Theory Expectancy Theory
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(continued)

3. Behavior
(Employee action to satisfy need)

4. Consequence
(Manager behavior and/or natural outcome of employee action)

Reinforcement Theory

5. Satisfaction or Dissatisfaction
(The degree to which the need is met and for how long before
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