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Introduction
A standard fully featured desktop configuration has basically four types of featured devices
Input Device Memory Unit CPU
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Output Unit
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Block Diagram
Input Unit Memory Unit Output Unit
Cache Memory
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Registers
ALU
Input Unit
It is an electronic device Feeds the data to the computer Usually connected to
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Keyboard
Standard data input and operator control device for a computer
It consists of the standard QWERTY layout with a numeric keypad and additional
function keys for control purposes
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In includes the following keys: Alphanumeric Keys : include number and alphabet keys Function Keys: Perform specific keys such as searching a file or refer web Modifier Keys: such as shift keys and control keys modify the casing style of a character or symbol Cursor Movement Keys: include up, down, left and right keys used to modify the direction of cursor on the screen Spacebar Keys: shifts the cursor to the right by one position Numeric Keypad: uses separate keypads for numbers and mathematical operators
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Mouse
Popular input device.
You move it across the desk and its movement is shown on the screen by a
marker known as a 'cursor'.
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You will need to click the buttons at the top of the mouse to select an option. Allow the user to select elements on the screen such as tools, icons, buttons by pointing and clicking them. The left click of a mouse allows to select an element The right click of a mouse displays special option such as open, explore, etc. The scroll option of a mouse allows to scroll up or down of the document.
Scanner
Converts documents and images as digitized images Digitized Images
Can be produced as black, white, gray images or colored images
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Colored images
Collection of dots, each dot represent a combination of red, green, blue
Joystick
The joystick is a rotary lever. Similar to an aircraft's control stick, it enables you to move
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Digitizing Tablet
A Digitizing Tablet is a pointing device that facilitates the accurate input of drawings and designs.
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Light Pen
A Light Pen is a pointing device shaped like a pen and is connected to a VDU.
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The tip of the light pen contains a light-sensitive element which, when placed against the screen, detects the light from the screen enabling the computer to identify the location of the pen on the screen. Light pens have the advantage of 'drawing' directly onto the screen, but this can become uncomfortable, and they are not as accurate as digitizing tablets.
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Space Mouse
The Space mouse is different from a normal mouse as it has an X axis, a Y axis and a Z axis.
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Card Reader
This input device reads a magnetic strip on a card. Handy for security reasons, it provides quick identification of the card's owner. This method is used to run bank cash points or to provide quick identification of people entering buildings.
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Smart Card
This input device stores data in a microprocessor embedded in the card. This allows information, which can be updated, to be stored on the card. This method is used in store cards which accumulate points for the purchaser, and to store phone numbers for cellular
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phones.
Memory Unit
Used to store data, instructions for processing data, intermediate results of processing and final processed information
Memory
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Secondary Memory
Primary Memory
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Primary Memory
It is a computer memory that is accessible to the CPU of a computer without the use of computer's input/output channels Primary storage, also known as main storage or memory, is the main area in a computer in which data is stored for quick access by the computer's processor.
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Primary Memory
Contains set of locations with each location occupying 8 bits. Each bit in the memory is identified by a unique address.
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Data stored in binary form The commonly used primary memories are:
ROM RAM
Cache Memory
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Types of RAM
There are two types of RAM used in PCs Dynamic RAM Static RAM. Dynamic RAM (DRAM): The information stored in Dynamic RAM has to be refreshed after every few milliseconds otherwise it will get erased. DRAM has higher storage capacity and is cheaper than Static RAM. Static RAM (SRAM): The information stored in Static RAM need not be refreshed, but it remains stable as long as power supply is provided. SRAM is costlier but has higher speed than DRAM. 24
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Cache Memory
Store data and the related applications that was last processed by the CPU. When the processor performs processing it searches the cache memory and then the RAM for an instruction. The cache memory always placed between RAM and ROM
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It is a permanent storage device Data remains stored even after power supply has been turned off It is used to store BIOS
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Secondary Memory
Represents the external storage devices that are connected to the computer Provide non-volatile memory source used to store information that are not used currently Either located in CPU casing of the computer or connected externally to the computer
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Components of Computer
Arithmetic and Logic Unit Control Unit
Registers
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ALU
Part of CPU that performs arithmetic and logical operations on data
Multiplication
Division It takes input in the form of an instruction that contains Opcode : specifies operation to be performed Operand : specifies data on which the operations is to be performed Format code : specifies format of the operands such as fixed point or floating point
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Control Unit
Controls the flow of data and information Maintains the sequence of operations being performed by the CPU
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Fetches an instruction from the storage area, decodes the instructions and transmits the corresponding signal to ALU and storage registers Guides ALU about the operations to be performed suggests i/o devices to which data is to be communicated Uses Program Counter (PC) for retrieving the next instruction for execution Uses status registers for handling conditions such as overflow of data
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Registers
Contains special purpose, temporary storage units known as registers Are high speed memory locations used for holding instructions data and intermediate results that are currently being processed Program Counter (PC) : keep track of next instructions to be executed Information Register (IR) : hold the instructions that to be decoded by control unit Memory Address Register (MAR) : hold the address of next location of memory to be executed
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Memory Buffer Register (MBR) : for storing data received from or sent to
CPU Memory Data Register (MDR) : for storing operands and data Accumulator (ACC ): for storing results produced by ALU 39
CPU
Cache Memory
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Control Unit
Registers
ALU
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Output Unit
It is an electronic device, used to communicate the output obtained after processing a specific tack, to the user
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Monitor
Commonly used output device that produces visual displays generated by the computer
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Also known as screen, connected as an external device to the CPU using cables It is in visual representation of textual and graphical information
Monitor
CRT
Large in size
Occupy more space Available as monochrome, gray scale and color models Visual display better the LCD monitor Inner side of the screen contains red, blue and green phosphors. When a beam of electron strikes on the strikes they irradiates it to produce the image To change the color displayed by the monitor the intensity of the beam striking the screen is varied
LCD
Thin in size, light weighted
Occupy less space Available as monochrome, gray scale and color models Visual display better the LCD monitor Thin display device that consists of a number of color or monochrome pixels arranged in front of a light source or reflects Consume a very small amount of electric power
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Monitor
A monitor characterized by its monitor size and resolution Monitor Size:
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Resolution:
Expressed as the number of picture elements or pixels of the screen Also called dot pitch Higher resolution produces a clearer image
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Printer
Transfers the text displayed on the screen onto paper sheets that can be used by the end-user
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An external device connected to the computer using cables Computer converts the documents that is to be printed to data that is understandable by the printer Printer driver software also available for conversion
Printers
Greater the DPI : better the quality
Dot Matrix Commonly used in low quality and high volume applications Inkjet Generate high quality photographic prints Slower that dot-matrix
Laser
Produce high quality prints in quicker time without connected to the computer Consists of microprocessors, ROM and RAM
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Speaker
An electromechanical transducer that consists an electrical signal into sound
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Attached to the computer to provide audio output Audio drives to be installed Sound card used in the computer decides the quality of audio Speakers varies in quality and price
Headphones
Headphones are a pair of small loudspeakers, or less commonly a single speaker, held close to a user's ears and connected to a signal source such as an audio amplifier, radio, CD player or portable media player. They are also known as stereophones, headsets or, colloquially, cans.
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