Grammar

1.Reduced relative clauses:

Difinition and usage Rules Notes Can and could Must and have to May and might Should and ought to

2.Reduced modal verb

1.RELATIVE CLAUSES : DIFINITION AND USAGE

A relative clause is also called an adjective or adjectival clause. It contains a subject and verb. It begins with a relative pronoun (who, whom, whose, that, or which) or a relative adverb (when, where, or why).

1.RELATIVE CLAUSES :
RULE 1 :
YOU MAY DELETE THE RELATIVE PRONOUN AND THE BE VERB WHEN:

1. they are followed by a prepositional phrase. The man who is in the house is my father. The man in the house is my father. The books that are on the desk are mine The books on the desk are mine. 2. the main verb in the relative clause is progressive (PARTICIPLE RELATIVE CLAUSE) The man who is swimming in the lake is my father. The man swimming in the lake is my father. The boy who is being chosen for the team is under 9. The boy being chosen for the team is under 9.

1.RELATIVE CLAUSES :
RULE 2 :
YOU MAY NOT DELETE THE RELATIVE PRONOUN AND THE BE VERB WHEN:

1. they are followed by an adjective:

Ex : The man who is angry is my father.

The man angry is my father.

HOWEVER, YOU MAY SWITCH THE POSITIONS OF THE ADJECTIVE AND NOUN.

The angry man is my father. 2. they are followed by a noun:

Ex: The man who is a doctor is my father.

The man a doctor is my father.

1.RELATIVE CLAUSES :
RULE 3 :
THE RELATIVE PRONOUN CAN BE DELETED WHEN IT IS NOT THE SUBJECT OF THE RELATIVE CLAUSE:

Ex : This is the house that Jack built. This is the house Jack built. The person whom you see is my father. The person you see is my father. This is the place where I live. This is the place I live. I don't know the reason why she is late. I don't know the reason she is late (Also : I don't know why she is late. ) The woman whom he likes is married. The woman he likes is married.

1.RELATIVE CLAUSES :

NOTES :
do not delete a relative pronoun that is followed by other verbs, not be. Ex : The man who likes roses is my father. The man likes roses is my father. never delete the relative pronoun whose. Ex : The man whose car broke down went to the station. The man car broke down went to the station. do not reduce active relative clause when: 1. There is a noun between the relative pronounand verb. Ex :. The man who Jim is meeting for lunch is Vietnamese. 2. We talk about a single, completed action. Ex :. The girl who fell over on the ice broke her arms.

do not reduce passive relative clause when:

1. There is a noun between the relative pronoun and verb.

Ex : The speed at which decisions are made in the company is worrying.

2. The defining relative clause includes other modal verbs, not will.

Ex : There are a number of people who should be asked.

2. MODAL VERB ( MV )

CAN AND COULD MUST AND HAVE TO MAY AND MIGHT SHOULD AND OUGHT TO

2. MODAL VERB ( MV )

Example: The double bonded structural isomers of a particular alkene may have different carbon skeletons, different placement. The parent name of this alkene must be hexene. Alkene can exist as ring compounds, called Cycloalkenes.

2. MODAL VERB ( MV ) FORM: after modal verb, we use bare infinitive

AFFIRMATIVE FORM: MV + BARE INFINITIVE NEGATIVE: MV + NOT+BARE INFINITIVE QUESTION FORM: MV + subject + bare infinitive+?

*NOTES: With have to, we need lend auxiliary in the questions form

CAN AND COULD

1) We use can to say that something is posiility or someone is ability do something.

Ex: You can see the sea from our bedroom window
2) Sometime could is the past of can 3) We use could to talk about actions that may occur in the future, especially when we mentioned the proposal.

Ex: What shall we do this evening? We could go to the cinema There could be another rise in the price of petrol soon.

MUST AND HAVE TO

We use must to say that we believe something is true. Ex: Youre been travelling all day. You must be tried. With must say to express his ideas still have to say this is only raised the event Ex: I must write to Ann. I havent written to her for ages. I cant meet you on Friday. I have to work. Must be used to talk about the present and future Ex: We must go now Must you leave tomorrow? Have to be used in all forms Ex: I had to go to hospital I may have to go to hospital Have you ever had to go to hospital?

MAY AND MIGHT 1) We use may or might to say that something that can happen. No significant difference between may and might Ex: He may be in his office or He might be in his office 2) We use may or might to say about the events or actions may occur in the future. Ex: Im not sure where to go for my holidays but I may go to Italy The weather forecast is not very good. It might rain this afternoon. I cant help you. Why dont you ask Tom? He might be able to help you.

SHOULD AND OUGHT TO 1) We use should to say what we think is good or right thing to do. EX: Tom shouldnt drive really. He too tired. You should stop smoking. 2) We use should when we asked about it or ideas about something. EX: I dont think you should work so hard. Do you think I should apply for this job? 3) We can use ought to instead should in the above case.

TRANSLATION

Unit 11 :ALKENES AND ALKYLES

11.1Introduction:
Alkanes are said to be saturated because the C atoms in their formulas are bonded to the maximum possible number of atoms; that is, their capacity to form bonds with other atoms is saturated. The carbon-carbon bonds in saturated compounds are all single bonds. Hydrocarbons in which multiple bonds are present are unsaturated, because their molecules include C atoms that are bonded to fewer than four atoms. For instance, the doublebonded C atoms in ethene are each bonded to only three other atoms, one C atom and two H atoms. Bi 11 NHNG ANKEN V NHNG ANKIN Gii thiu Alkan c cho l bo ha v cc nguyn t C trong cng thc ca chng c lin kt vi l s lng ti a c th ca cc nguyn t, c ngha l, kh nng hnh thnh lin kt vi cc nguyn t khc l bo ha. Cc lin kt gia cacbon-cacbon trong cc hp cht bo ha u l nhng lin kt n..Nhng hydrocacbon trong c mt nhng lin kt bi th cha bo ha, v cc phn t ca chng cha cc nguyn t C c lin kt vi t hn bn nguyn t. V d, hai nguyn t C lin kt i trong eten th mi nguyn t ch c lin kt vi ba nguyn t khc, mt nguyn t C v hai nguyn t H.

Unit 11 : ALKENES AND ALKYLES

11.1Introduction: Hydrocarbons such as ethene (H2C=CH2), which contain a carbon to carbon double bond, are called alkenes. Hydrocarbons such as ethyne (HCCH), which contain a carbon to carbon triple bond, are called alkynes. The multiple bonds in unsaturated hydrocarbons are much more reactive than the single bonds in alkanes.

Nhng Hydrocacbon th d nh eten (H2C = CH2), c cha mt lin kt i cacbon vi cacbon, c gi l anken. Nhng Hidrocacbon th d nh etin (CHCH), c cha mt lin kt ba cacbon vi cacbon, c gi l nhng ankin. Cc lin kt bi trong cc hydrocarbon cha bo ha phn ng d hn nhiu so vi nhng lin kt n trong cc ankan.

Saturated
Unsaturated ethene

['streitid]

bo ho

[,n'streitid] : cha bo ha ['ei:n] : eten, etilen

UNIT 11 : ALKENES AND ALKYLES

11.4. Alkene Nomenclature:

Rule 1: Choose the longest C to C chain which includes the double bond. The parent name of the alkane is the alkene name corresponding to that number of carbon atoms. Rule 2: Number the C to C chain. Assign the number 1 to the C atom on the end closest to the double bond. Rule 3: Indicate the position of the double bond using the lowest-numbered doublebonded C atom. Rule 4: Complete the name by giving the number of the C atom to which a branched group is attached followed by the name of the branched group Danh php ca anken : Quy tc 1: Chn mch cacbon di nht cha lin kt i. Tn mch chnh ca anken l tn ankan c s nguyn t carbon tng ng. Quy tc 2: nh s C trn mch. nh s 1 vo nguyn t C cui gn lin kt i nht. Quy tc 3: Cho bit v tr ca lin kt i bng cch dng s nh nht nh cho nguyn t C ca ni i. Quy tc 4: Hon thnh tn gi bng cch a ra s ca nguyn t C m mt nhm phn nhnh c nh km, theo sau l tn ca nhm phn nhnh.

11.4. Alkene Nomenclature:

Example : 1 2 3 4 5 6 CH2=CHCH2CH2CHCH3

CH3 1) The parent name of this alkene must be hexene. 2) Numbering the C chain. 3) This hexene is a 1-hexene.The name of this hexene is 5-methyl-1-hexene.

V d :
1) tn mch chnh ca anken ny phi l hexen 2) nh s nguyn t C trn mch. 3) hexen ny l 1-hexen.Tn ca hexenny l 5-metyl-1-hexen.

Isomer : ['aism] Skeleton Branch [br:nt] Attach ['tt] Functional group ['fknl'gru:p]

: cht ng phn : nhnh : gn, dn : nhm chc

11.7 Alkynes:

ALKENES AND ALKYLES

Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing a C to C triple bond. An alkynes has two less H atoms than a corresponding alkene and four less than an alkane. The general formula for an alkyne hydrocarbon is CnH2n-2. For example, the formula of propyne is CH3CCH Ankin l nhng hydrocacbon khng bo ha c cha mt lin kt ba gia hai nguyn t cacbon. Cc Ankin c t hn hai nguyn t H so vi anken tng ng v t hn bn nguyn t H so vi ankan tng ng . Cng thc chung cho mt hydrocacbon ankin l CnH2n-2. V d, cng thc ca propin l CH3C CH

Chapter 12 Benzene and The Aromatic Hydrocarbons

12.1 Introduction
So far most of the compounds we have studied have been open-chain compounds. We also discussed a few ring compounds, the cycloalkanes and cycloalkenes, and found their properties to be very much like their counterparts, the alkanes and alkenes. Open-chain compounds and their corresponding ring compounds are known as aliphatic compounds. The term aliphatic comes from the Greek word aleiphar, which means oil.

Chng 12: Benzene v cc hydrocarbon thm

12,1 Gii thiu: Cho n nay hu ht cc hp cht chng ta nghin cu u dng cc hp cht mch h. Chng ta cng tho lun mt vi hp cht vng nh Cycloankan v cycloanken, v tm thy nhng tnh cht ca chng rt ging nhng ankan v anken tng ng. Nhng hp cht mch h v nhng hp cht mch vng tng ng ca chng c gi l hp cht bo. Cht bo c ngun gc t ting Hi Lp l aleiphar c ngha l "du".

Chapter 12 Benzene and The Aromatic Hydrocarbons 12.1 Introduction In this chapter, we will introduce another class of organic compounds called the aromatics. Benzene and its derivatives were originally called aromatic compounds because of their rather pleasant aromas. The term aromatic now refers to any compound which has a benzene ring in its structure or has chemical properties similar to those of benzene. In the sections that follow, we will describe the structure and the properties of benzene and many of its derivatives. Trong chng ny, chng ti s gii thiu mt loi khc ca cc hp cht hu c c gi l cc cht thm. Benzen v cc dn xut ca n c gi l cc hp cht thm v hng liu ca n kh d chu. Hin ti thut ng hp cht thm cp n bt k hp cht m trong cu trc ca n c mt vng benzen hoc c tnh cht ha hc tng t nh benzen. Trong phn tip theo, chng ta s m t cu trc v nhng tnh cht ca benzen v nhiu dn xut ca n.

Chapter 12 Benzene and The Aromatic Hydrocarbons

12.4 Structural Formulars for benzene
The drawing we use to represent the structure of benzene is a hexagon with a circle inside it. The circle represents the continuous p bonding abou the benzene ring. Another commonly encountered depiction of benzene is the following: 12,4 Cng thc cu to ca benzen: Hnh v ta s dng i din cho cu trc ca benzen l mt hnh lc gic vi mt vng trn bn trong n.Vng trn i din cho lin kt lin hp trong vng benzen Mt s m t thng gp ca benzen. The compounds that form when one or more H atoms of benzene are substituted with other atoms or groups of atoms are named as derivatives of benzene. 12.5 Danh php ca benzen: Cc hp cht hnh thnh khi mt hoc nhiu nguyn t H ca benzen c thay th bng nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t khc c t tn l dn xut ca benzen

12.5 Nomenclature of benzene

In monosubstituted benzenes one H atom is replaced by another atom or group X. To name such compounds, the name of the substituent X is followed by the word benzene. For instance, if a chlorine atom is the substituent, the compound is called chlorobenzene and if the attached group is nitro(-NO2), the name of the compound is nitrobenzene.

12.5 Nomenclature of benzene

Chapter 12 Benzene and The Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Trong dn xut th mt ln ca benzenes mt nguyn t H c thay th bi mt nguyn t hay nhm X. gi tn cc hp cht ta gi tn ca nhm th X v theo sau l benzene. V d, nu mt nguyn t clo l cht th th hp cht c gi l chlorobenzene v nu nhm km theo l nitro (-NO2), tn ca hp cht l nitrobenzene

Chapter 12 Benzene and The Aromatic Hydrocarbons

12.5 Nomenclature of benzene

Disubstituted benzenes: There are three different ways to place two substituents on a benzene ring. Naming the disubstituted benzene: number the position of the benzene ring so that the substituents are on the positions with the lowest possible members. The number 1 is assigned to the substituent that is lower in alphabetical order Dn xut th hai ln ca Benzenes: C ba cch khc nhau gi tn hai nhm th trn vng benzen. t tn dn xut th hai ln ca Benzenes : s v tr ca vng benzen cc nhm th vo cc v tr thp nht c th. S 1 c gn cho nhm th theo th t ch ci.

UNIT 13 : ALCOHOLS AND ETHERS

13.1 Introduction In the next few chapters we will introduce the organic compounds which have oxygen atoms in their functional groups. Two of these are alcohols and ethers. We can produce the structures of both classes of compounds starting with a water molecule, HOH. By replacing one of the H atoms in water with a C atom, we have the general formula of an alcohol, written ROH, where R refers to a hydrocarbon group. For instance, if the R is a methyl group, the alcohol formula is CH3OH (methanol), and when R is a phenyl group, the alcohol is phenol.

BI 13 : RU V ETE
13,1 Gii thiu Trong mt s chng tip theo chng ta s gii thiu cc hp cht hu c c nguyn t xy trong nhm chc ca n. Hai trong s ny l ru v ete. Chng ta c th to ra cu to ca hai loi hp cht ny bt u t mt phn t nc, HOH: Bng cch thay th mt trong cc nguyn t H trong nc bng mt nguyn t C, chng ta c cng thc tng qut ca ru, c vit l ROH, vi R dng ch mt nhm hydrocarbon. V d, nu R l mt nhm methyl, cng thc ru l CH3OH (metanol), v khi R l mt nhm phenyl, ru l phenol.

UNIT 13 : ALCOHOLS AND ETHERS

13.1 Introduction To produce the ether structure, both H atoms of water are replaced with hydrocarbon groups. We write the general formula with an R and R (R prime), meaning that the attached hydrocarbon groups can be the same or different. The general ether formula is R-O-R

to ra cc, cu trc ete, c hai nguyn t H ca nc c thay th bng cc nhm hydrocarbon. Chng ta vit mt cng thc chung vi mt R v R (R phy) , c ngha rng cc nhm hydrocarbon km theo c th ging hoc khc nhau. Cng thc ete chung l R-O-R '.

Alcohol Ether Prime Methanol

['lkhl] ['i:] [praim] ['menl]

ru cn te Phy, pht mtanol

UNIT 13 : ALCOHOLS AND ETHERS

13.2 Naming Alcohols Alkyl alcohols can be named as alkanols, a name derived by dropping the e from alkane and adding ol. For instance, the name of the alcohol derived from the simplest alkane comes from changing the methane to methanol (CH3OH). Ethanol is a two-carbon alcohol: CH3CH2OH 13,2 Gi tn ru: Cc Alkyl alcohol c th c gi tn l alkanol, tn ny nhn c bng cch b e t alkane v thm ui ol. V d, tn ca ru c ngun gc t ankan n gin nht to thnh t vic i mtan thnh metanol (CH3OH). Ethanol l mt ru hai carbon: CH3CH2OH

UNIT 13 : ALCOHOLS AND ETHERS

13.2 Naming Alcohols To name any alcohol more complex than these, we must indicate the location of the OH group as well as those of any other branch groups. To do this we follow the rules below. Rule 1: Choose the longest C to C chain to which the OH group is attached. This gives the parent alcohol name. Rule 2: Number the C atoms so that the C atom bonded to the OH group has the lowest possible number. Rule 3: Form the name by placing the number of the C atom to which the OH is attached in front of the parent alcohol. Indicate any branched groups according to the rules of alkane nomenclature

gi tn ca bt k ru phc tp hn nhng ci ny, chng ta phi ch ra v tr nhm OH cng nh ca nhng nhm bt k khc. lm iu ny, ta thc hin theo nhng quy tc sau : Quy tc 1: Chn mch C di nht c nhm OH gn vo lm mch chnh. Quy tc 2: nh s th t nguyn t C sao cho ch s ca nguyn t C gn vi nhm OH c th l thp nht. Quy tc 3: Tn to thnh bng cch t s th t nguyn t C c nhm OH gn vo trc mch chnh. Biu th cc nhnh bt k theo y nhng quy tc ca danh php ankan.

UNIT 13 : ALCOHOLS AND ETHERS 13.4 Naming Ethers

Ethers are named by giving the names of R and R hydrocarbon groups in the general formula ROR, in alphabetical order, followed by the word ether. When R and R are the same, the name of the R groups is given only once or the prefix di- is used in the name. Using this method we can name the ethers below: CH3CH2OCH2CH3 (diethyl ether) CH3OCH2CH3(Ethyl methyl ether)

13,4 Gi tn Ete: Ete c gi tn bng cch cho tn ca gc hydrocarbon R v R trong cng thc chung ROR ' ng trc ,theo th t bng ch ci,theo sau cng l t ete. Khi R v R l nh nhau, tn ca cc nhm R c a ra ch mt ln v tin t di-c s dng trong tn. S dng phng php ny, chng ta c th gi tn ete di y: CH3CH2OCH2CH3 (dietyl ete) CH3OCH2CH3 (Etyl metyl ete)

CHAPTER 11: ALKENES AND ALKYNES Vocabulary in Chemistry 1) Saturated 2) Unsaturated 3) ethene 4) Correspond 5) Derive 6) Assign 7) Isomer : 8) Skeleton 9) Branch 10) Attach 11) Functional group 12) Nomenclature 13)Characteristic 14)Ring compound 15) Chain ['streitid] [,n'streitid] ['ei:n] [,kris'pnd] [di'raiv] ['sain] ['aism] [br:nt] ['tt] ['fknl'gru:p] [nou'menklt] [,krikt'ristik] [tein] : bo ho : cha bo ha : eten, etilen : tng ng. : xut pht t, c ngun gc t : n nh,gn : cht ng phn : nhnh : gn, dn : nhm chc : danh php : c trng , tiu biu : hp cht vng : mch , chui

CHAPTER 12: BENZENE AND THE AROMATIC HYDROCARBON Vocabulary

1. Counterpart : ['kauntp:t] : cht tng ng 2. Aliphatic : [,li'ftik] : (cht ) bo 3. Aromatic : [,rou'mtik] :( ) thm 4. Derivative : [di'rivtiv] : dn xut 5. Isolated : ['aisleitid] : c lp 6. Substitution : [,sbsti'tju:n] : s thay th 7. Framework : ['freimw:k] : khung 8. Unhybridized : ['n'haidreitid] : khng b hidrat ha 9. Localized : ['louklaiz] : nh v 10. Fused-ring Aromatics 11. Coal tar ['koul't:] nha than a 12. Residue ['rezidju:] cht b 13. Inertness ['in:tnis] tnh tr 14. Toxic ['tksik] : c 15. Halogenation [,hloudi'nein] s halogen hoa 16. Continuous [kn'tinjus] lin tip, lin tc 17. Inconsistent [,inkn'sistnt] tri ng 18. Bromine ['broumi:n] brom 19. Monosubstituted benzene : benzen mt ln th 20. De substituted benzene : benzen 2 ln th

CHAPTER 13 Vocabulary in Chemistry :

1) Alcohol ['lkhl] ru cn 2) Ether ['i:] te 3) Prime [praim] Phy, pht 4) Methanol ['menl] mtanol 5) Drop [drp] b mt, b i 6) Primary ['praimri] bc nht (Ru) 7) Secondary ['sekndri] bc 2 ( ) 8) Tertiary ['t:ri] th 3 ( )

Nhm 5 Lp 10SHH : 1) L Th Nng Phin 2) Nguyn Th Phc 3) inh Th Phng 4) Trn Th Kim Phng 5) L Th Thanh Phng