Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e
Nanotechnology
Fabrication and application of entities whose feature sizes are in the range from about 1 nm to 100 nm 1 nm = 10-3 m = 10-6 mm = 10-9 m Entities include structures, films, coatings, dots, lines, tubes, and systems Nanoscience the field of scientific study that is concerned with objects in the 1 to 100 nm range Nanoscale refers to dimensions within this range and slightly below
2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e
2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e
Nanotechnology Products
Cosmetics and sun lotions Car polishes and waxes Coatings for eyeglass lenses Scratch-resistant paints Carbon nanostructures Buckyballs Carbon nanotubes
2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e
Buckyballs (Fullerines)
Carbon molecules containing exactly 60 atoms (C60) and shaped like a soccer ball Originally named buckministerfullerene, after R. Buckminister Fuller, designer of the geodesic dome (shortened to fullerene) Can be bonded together to form crystals whose lattice structure is face-centered cubic
2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e
Buckyballs
Structure of C60 molecule 12 pentagonal faces 20 hexagonal faces
2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e
2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e
Carbon Nanotubes
Another nanostructure of interest, consisting of carbon atoms bonded together in the shape of a long tube Depending on structure and diameter, can have conducting or semiconducting properties Conductivity superior to copper due to fewer defects that increase electrical resistance Thus, high currents do not increase temperature as in metals Elastic modulus and tensile strength of carbon nanotubes much greater than steel
2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e
Carbon Nanotubes
Carbon nanotube structures: (a) armchair and (b) zigzag
2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e
Introduction to Nanoscience
Nanoscience and nanotechnology are interdisciplinary fields Chemistry, physics, various engineering disciplines, computer science, biology, and medical science Biology operates in the nanoscale range Proteins large molecules ranging in size between about 4 nm and 50 nm Chlorophyll in plants about 1 nm Hemoglobin in blood about 7 nm
2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e
Size Matters
As the size of an object becomes smaller and smaller, approaching nanoscale, the surface molecules become increasingly important relative to internal molecules Because of the increasing proportion of surface molecules relative to internal molecules Thus, the surface properties of materials of nanoscale objects become more influential in determining the behavior of the objects And the influence of bulk properties is reduced
2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e
2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e
2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e
2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e
Nanofabrication Processes
Top-down approaches Adaptation of microfabrication techniques to make nanoscale objects Bottom-up approaches Atoms and molecules are manipulated and combined to form larger nanoscale structures
2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e
Micro-Imprint Lithography
(1) Flat mold positioned above resist, (2) mold is pressed into resist surface, (3) mold is lifted, (4) remaining resist removed by etching to expose substrate surface
2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e
2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e
2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e
2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e
2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e
2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e
2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e
Dip-Pen Lithography
Tip of an atomic force microscope is used to deposit molecules through the water meniscus that forms naturally between the tip and the substrate
2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e
Self-Assembly
A fundamental process in nature Natural formation of a crystalline structure during slow cooling of molten minerals is an example of nonliving self-assembly Growth of living organisms is an example of biological self-assembly In both instances, entities at the atomic and molecular level combine on their own into larger entities, proceeding in a constructive manner toward the creation of some deliberate thing
2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e
Self-Assembly in Nanotechnology
Attempts to emulate natures self-assembly process to produce materials and systems that have nanoscale features or building blocks But the final product may be larger than nanoscale May be micro- or macro-scale, at least in some of its dimensions
2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e
Self-Assembly in Nanotechnology
Desirable features of atomic or molecular self-assembly processes in nanotechnology: 1. They can be carried out rapidly 2. They occur automatically and do not require central control 3. They exhibit massive replication 4. They can be performed under mild environmental conditions (at or near atmospheric pressure and room temperature)
2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e
2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e
2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e
2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e
Self-Assembled Monolayers
Substrate materials include gold, silver, copper, silicon, silicon dioxide Substrate material must not form an oxide surface film that would interfere with the layering process Layering materials include thiols, sulfides, and disulfides The layering material must be capable of being adsorbed (adhering in the form of a very thin film) onto the substrate surface
2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e
2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e