Engineering Metrology

KAMARUL ADNAN

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Introduction
KAMARUL ADNAN

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Learning Outcomes
At the end of this topic, students will be able to:
Define the term metrology. Explain the need and function of inspection. State objectives of metrology. Define the basic unit of length. Calculate and convert measurement units.
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Introduction
Engineering metrology is defined as the measurement of dimensions: length, thickness, diameter, taper, angle, flatness, profiles, and others. For example, consider the slideways for machine tools, these components must have specific dimensions, angles, and flatness in order for the machine to function properly and function with the desired dimensional accuracy.
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Introduction

Slideways
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Type of Inspection
Traditionally, measurement have been made after the part has been produced known as post-process inspection. The term inspection means checking the dimensions of what has been produced and determining whether it complies with the specified dimensional accuracy.
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Type of Inspection
The trend now is to make measurements while the part is being produced on the machine, this known as in-process inspection.

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Tolerance
An important aspect of metrology in manufacturing processes is dimensional tolerance, the permissible variation in the dimensions of a part.

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Tolerance

Dimensional Tolerances

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Tolerance
Tolerances are important because of their impact on not only the proper functioning of a product, but the manufacturing costs as well, generally, the smaller the tolerance, the higher the production costs.

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Need and Function of Inspection

1. To determine good or bad parts 2. To achieve interchangeability 3. To improve and develop precision measuring instruments and measuring method. 4. To support the manufacturing department

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Objectives of Metrology
1. To ensure the products designed are within the process and measuring instruments capabilities available in the plant. 2. To determine the process capabilities and ensure that these are better than the relevant parts tolerances.

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Objectives of Metrology
3. To determine the measuring instruments capabilities and ensure that these are adequate for their respective measurement. 4. To minimize the cost of inspection by effective use of available facilities, and to reduce the cost of rejects and rework through application of Statistical Process Control techniques.

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Objectives of Metrology
5. Standardization of measuring methods. This is achieved by laying down the inspection methods for any product right at the time when the production technology is prepared. 6. Maintenance of the measuring instruments used in the plant.

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Units and Standards

Units are defined and expressed in standards. Units are the language of measurement and must be constant. The measuring unit of length is Meter.

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Units and Standards

Originally, in 1889 a Meter is defined as the distance between two lines on the specific bar (standard) which is made platinum-iridium rod to represent the length of a Meter. Thirty of these bars are manufactured. One was kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Paris as the international standard.
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Units and Standards

The others were sent to laboratories around the world. However, this standard bar has its limitation. It is not stable and constant due to the effect of temperature and environment factors. In 1960 a Meter was redefined as 1,650,763.73 wavelengths of a particular orange light emitted by the gas krypton 86 (a rare gas).The precision of this measurement was set as 1 part in 109
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Units Used in Metrology

Again, in 1983 the meter was redefined in terms of speed of light. New definition says: The meter is defined as the length of path traveled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second.

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Units Used in Metrology

The units used are laid down in the International Unit Systems (SI = System International) as shown in the following table.

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Units Used in Metrology

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Units Used in Metrology

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Derived Units and Conversation

The units derived from the basic unit of meter are kilometer, decimeter, centimeter, millimeter, micrometer, and nanometer.
1 1 1 1 1 km = 1000 m m = 10 dm = 100 cm = 1000mm dm = 10 cm = 100 mm cm = 10 mm mm = 1000m or 1 m = 0.001 mm
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Characteristics of Measuring Instruments

Numerous measuring instruments and devices are used in engineering metrology, each of which has its own application, sensitivity, accuracy and precision.

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Sensitivity
Sensitivity, also called resolution, is the smallest difference in dimensions that the instruments can detect.

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Accuracy
Accuracy is the degree of conformity of a measured quantity to its actual value.

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Precision
Precision is the degree to which the instruments gives repeated measurement of the same standard.

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Precision and Accuracy

Precision

Accurate

Precision and Accurate

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Measuring Temperature
For making fine measurements with precision instruments, temperature control is very important. The standard measuring temperature is 20 degree C, and all instruments are calibrated at this temperature.

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Types of measurement and Instruments Used

Numerous measuring instruments and devices are used in engineering metrology. Following table shown types of measurement and instruments used.

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Summary
We have discussed about definition of metrology, need and function of inspection, objectives of metrology, basic unit of length.

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